The J document in the Hexateuch

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University, 1933. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

Las variedades hispanoamericanas en el paisaje lingüístico de la didáctica de ELE

In this paper we aim to analyse the presence of American varieties in the teaching of L2 Spanish, focusing in particular on textbooks, students’ books and online resources used both in Spanish classes and in teachers’ long-life training. The relevance of this investigation derives from social and cultural changes in contemporary city landscapes: migration fluxes moving from Hispanic American countries to Italy present linguists and teaching experts with new challenges, because of the presence of second generation and heritage speakers in L2 Spanish classes. In order to check whether L2 Spanish learning materials and teachers take these changes into consideration, we designed two different surveys: the first one targets students at higher proficiency levels, with the aim of exploring whether their former training has dealt with American Spanish varieties; the second one addresses teachers, to describe and evaluate their knowledge and skills concerning American varieties and to investigate whether and how they treat them in their teaching practice. We also extend the analysis to the examination of the most widely used and recent textbooks, students’ books and online resources with a view to quantifying the presence of the Hispanic American component in this material. Results show that the large use of cultural contents from American Spanish is not appropriately exploited to develop students’ linguistic competence. Hence, we remark once again the importance of considering the richness and complexity of linguistic input in L2 Spanish teaching materials (both in materials and in teachers’ long-life training). This is possible by relying upon the tools provided by Linguistic Landscape theory and methodology, with a view to responding to the needs and expectations of students and of contemporary society in general.In this paper we aim to analyse the presence of American varieties in the teaching of L2 Spanish, focusing in particular on textbooks, students’ books and online resources used both in Spanish classes and in teachers’ long-life training. The relevance of this investigation derives from social and cultural changes in contemporary city landscapes: migration fluxes moving from Hispanic American countries to Italy present linguists and teaching experts with new challenges, because of the presence of second generation and heritage speakers in L2 Spanish classes. In order to check whether L2 Spanish learning materials and teachers take these changes into consideration, we designed two different surveys: the first one targets students at higher proficiency levels, with the aim of exploring whether their former training has dealt with American Spanish varieties; the second one addresses teachers, to describe and evaluate their knowledge and skills concerning American varieties and to investigate whether and how they treat them in their teaching practice. We also extend the analysis to the examination of the most widely used and recent textbooks, students’ books and online resources with a view to quantifying the presence of the Hispanic American component in this material. Results show that the large use of cultural contents from American Spanish is not appropriately exploited to develop students’ linguistic competence. Hence, we remark once again the importance of considering the richness and complexity of linguistic input in L2 Spanish teaching materials (both in materials and in teachers’ long-life training). This is possible by relying upon the tools provided by Linguistic Landscape theory and methodology, with a view to responding to the needs and expectations of students and of contemporary society in general

The neurobiology of functional neurological disorders characterised by impaired awareness

We review the neurobiology of Functional Neurological Disorders (FND), i.e., neurological disorders not explained by currently identifiable histopathological processes, in order to focus on those characterised by impaired awareness (functionally impaired awareness disorders, FIAD), and especially, on the paradigmatic case of Resignation Syndrome (RS). We thus provide an improved more integrated theory of FIAD, able to guide both research priorities and the diagnostic formulation of FIAD. We systematically address the diverse spectrum of clinical presentations of FND with impaired awareness, and offer a new framework for understanding FIAD. We find that unraveling the historical development of neurobiological theory of FIAD is of paramount importance for its current understanding. Then, we integrate contemporary clinical material in order to contextualise the neurobiology of FIAD within social, cultural, and psychological perspectives. We thus review neuro-computational insights in FND in general, to arrive at a more coherent account of FIAD. FIAD may be based on maladaptive predictive coding, shaped by stress, attention, uncertainty, and, ultimately, neurally encoded beliefs and their updates. We also critically appraise arguments in support of and against such Bayesian models. Finally, we discuss implications of our theoretical account and provide pointers towards an improved clinical diagnostic formulation of FIAD. We suggest directions for future research towards a more unified theory on which future interventions and management strategies could be based, as effective treatments and clinical trial evidence remain limited

Moving Beyond a Protective Approach to Stopping Sexual Violence of People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) have some of the highest rates of sexual violence of any group—at least 7 times the rate for people without disabilities. (6) Attempts to alleviate this problem have been unsuccessful and based on the Medical Model of Disability, which views people with I/DD as inherently vulnerable and in need only of protection. Viewing people with I/DD as inherently vulnerable further stigmatizes them and increases dependency on others, instead of fostering capabilities and independence. Minnesota needs to move beyond taking a protective “recognize, report, and respond” approach, to taking a comprehensive approach to sexual violence prevention. We must invest in an array of Primary Prevention and Risk Reduction strategies to address the serious and pervasive problem of sexual violence perpetrated against children, adolescents, and adults with I/DD. Primary prevention and risk reduction need to start early with children and their caregivers in the places where they live, learn, and play to teach skills for self-advocacy, healthy relationships, distinguishing harmful caregiving from respectful caregiving, where to report crimes, and where to get help. We need to provide education and support self-determination through self-advocacy of people with I/DD as equal partners in our comprehensive approach. (2) We need to create change in cultural attitudes, norms, and policies to promote opportunity, freedom to make meaningful choice, inclusion, self-determination, and increased quality of life for all people with I/DD. Every person has a right to safety and a right to live their life free of sexual violence. At the forefront of Minnesota’s comprehensive approach must be the voices of people with I/DD

Mini-FLOTAC, an Innovative Direct Diagnostic Technique for Intestinal Parasitic Infections: Experience from the Field.

Soil-transmitted helminths and intestinal protozoa infection are widespread in developing countries, yet an accurate diagnosis is rarely performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the recently developed mini-FLOTAC method and to compare with currently more widely used techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections in different settings. The study was carried out in Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh, India, and in Bukumbi, Tanzania. A total of 180 pupils from two primary schools had their stool analyzed (n = 80 in Dharamsala and n = 100 in Bukumbi) for intestinal parasitic infections with three diagnostic methods: direct fecal smear, formol-ether concentration method (FECM) and mini-FLOTAC. Overall, 72% of the pupils were positive for any intestinal parasitic infection, 24% carried dual infections and 11% three infections or more. The most frequently encountered intestinal parasites were Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Giardia intestinalis, hookworm, (and Schistosoma mansoni, in Tanzania). Statistically significant differences were found in the detection of parasitic infections among the three methods: mini-FLOTAC was the most sensitive method for helminth infections (90% mini-FLOTAC, 60% FECM, and 30% direct fecal smear), whereas FECM was most sensitive for intestinal protozoa infections (88% FECM, 70% direct fecal smear, and 68% mini-FLOTAC). We present the first experiences with the mini-FLOTAC for the diagnosis of intestinal helminths and protozoa. Our results suggest that it is a valid, sensitive and potentially low-cost alternative technique that could be used in resource-limited settings--particularly for helminth diagnosis

O retorno do investimento em educação: cálculo e questões metodológicas

O artigo aborda as diversas tentativas de dimensionar o retorno do dispêndio privado em educação utilizando, principalmente, a equação desenvolvida por Mincer. Ainda que os resultados alcançados com a aplicação da equação sejam favoráveis à educação, questões metodológicas ligadas à seleção das variáveis empregadas influenciam os resultados alcançados. Após uma revisão dos estudos realizados sobre a temática na Brasil, na última década, o artigo enfoca alguns resultados internacionais, a partir da pesquisa realizada por Psacharopoulos e Patrino

Radiation toxicity grading after chemoradiotherapy of canine urinary tract carcinomas: Comparing VRTOG to VRTOG_v2.0

Radiation toxicities may be underestimated after treatment of transitional cell carcinoma in dogs' lower urinary tract. Assessing acute and late toxicities and differentiating them from progressive disease (PD) impacts further therapeutic approach. We retrospectively assessed dogs treated with definitive‐intent chemoradiotherapy (12 × 3.8 Gy, various first‐line chemotherapeutics). Local tumour control, radiation toxicities and survival were evaluated. We classified radiation toxicities according to the previously published radiation toxicity scheme “VRTOG” as well as the updated version, “VRTOG_v2.0”. Fourteen dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder ± urethra (n = 8), +prostate (n = 3) or solely urethra (n = 3), were included. Median follow‐up was 298 days (range 185–1798 days), median overall survival 305 days (95%CI = 209;402) and 28.6% deaths were tumour‐progression‐related. Acute radiation toxicity was mild and self‐limiting with both classification systems: In VRTOG, 5 dogs showed grade 1, and 1 dog grade 2 toxicity. In VRTOG_v2.0, 2 dogs showed grade 1, 3 dogs grade 2, and 3 dogs grade 3 toxicity. Late toxicity was noted in 14.2% of dogs (2/14) with the VRTOG, both with grade 3 toxicity. With VRTOG_v2.0, a larger proportion of 42.9% of dogs (6/14) showed late toxicities: Four dogs grade 3 (persistent incontinence), 2 dogs grade 5 (urethral obstructions without PD resulting in euthanasia). At time of death, 5 dogs underwent further workup and only 3 were confirmed to have PD. With the updated VRTOG_v2.0 classification system, more dogs with probable late toxicity are registered, but it is ultimately difficult to distinguish these from disease progression as restaging remains to be the most robust determinant

Fully Textile X-Ray Detectors Based on Fabric-Embedded Perovskite Crystals

The interest and thrust for wearable ionizing radiation dosimeters are rapidly growing, stimulated by a large number of different applications impacting on humankind, spanning from medicine to civil security and space missions. Lead halide perovskites are considered one of the most promising classes of novel materials for X-ray detectors due to their superior electronic and detection performance coupled with compatibility with solution-based printing processes, allowing fabrication onto flexible substrates. It is reported on fully textile perovskite-based direct X-ray detectors, where the photoactive layer is constituted by a silk-satin fabric functionalized with methylammonium lead bromide perovskite crystals embedded in the textile. The reliability of the proposed fabrication process, based on simple and low-tech deposition techniques adaptable to industrial printing technologies for textiles, is assessed by realizing different detector's architectures that exhibit comparable detection performances. Sensitivity values up to (12.2 +/- 0.6) mu C Gy(-1) cm(-2) and a limit of detection down to 3 mu Gy s(-1) are achieved, and low bias operation (down to 1 V) is demonstrated, validating wearable applications. Further, fully textile pixelated matrix X-ray sensors are implemented and tested, providing the proof of principle for large-area scalability