Dose-Dependent Effects of Salmon Calcitonin on Bone Turnover in Ovariectomized Rats.

In the United States, osteoporosis results in about 1.5 million annual fractures, costing approximately $15 billion. Calcitonin is safe and effective in slowing osteoporotic bone loss, but its effect is transient. The current studies were designed to explore the dose-dependent effects of salmon calcitonin on bone turnover in ovariectomized rats and to determine if the decrease in therapeutic effectiveness of calcitonin demonstrated over time with higher doses is due to oversuppression of bone turnover. Doses of 5, 15, & 50 IU/kg BW/day of calcitonin were compared to placebo in 12-week-old ovariectomized and sham-ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats for 24 weeks. The spinal bone mineral content (BMC) as measured by DXA in ovariectomized subjects receiving 5 & 15 IU/kg of calcitonin was not significantly different from sham-ovariectomized subjects, while spinal BMC of subjects receiving 50 IU/kg was significantly lower than shamovariectomized subjects (p\u3c0.05). Femoral BMC of ovariectomized subjects was significantly lower than sham-ovariectomized subjects (p\u3c0.05), but no significant differences were noted between treatment groups. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated a decrease in number and density of trabeculae and in cortical thickness when comparing femurs from ovariectomized with sham-ovariectomized subjects. SEM of subjects receiving 50 IU/kg displayed greater bone loss than other groups. No significant differences were noted between groups for levels of urinary helical peptides or serum pyridinoline [ELISA], indicators of bone resorption. Urinary calcium excretion [capillary ion electrophoresis] was significantly higher in subjects receiving 50 IU/kg of calcitonin than other ovariectomized subjects (p\u3c0.05). Serum levels of osteocalcin [RIA], an indicator of bone formation, were significantly higher in subjects receiving 5 IU/kg of calcitonin than control subjects and those receiving 50 IU/kg (p\u3c0.05). Production of antibodies to calcitonin [ELISA] by subjects in this study did not correlate with changes in bone turnover or bone density. The results of this study do not provide evidence higher doses of calcitonin result in oversuppression of bone turnover. However, urinary calcium excretion affected bone resorption in a reverse dose-dependent manner, suggesting the calciuric effect may be responsible for less effective outcomes seen with higher doses of calcitonin

Letter to Sonora Dodd from Beatrice H. Jones, March 30, 1943

Letter to Sonora Dodd to Beatrice H. Jones, with envelope. Beatrice H. Jones served as Director for the Room Registry of the Young Women\u27s Christian Association of the City of New York.https://digitalcommons.whitworth.edu/fathers-day-correspondence/1132/thumbnail.jp

Risk marker associations with venous thrombotic events: a cross-sectional analysis.

ObjectiveTo examine the interrelations among, and risk marker associations for, superficial and deep venous events-superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).DesignCross-sectional analysis.SettingSan Diego, California, USA.Participants2404 men and women aged 40-79 years from four ethnic groups: non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, African-American and Asian. The study sample was drawn from current and former staff and employees of the University of California, San Diego and their spouses/significant others.Outcome measuresSuperficial and deep venous events, specifically SVT, DVT, PE and combined deep venous events (DVE) comprising DVT and PE.ResultsSignificant correlates on multivariable analysis were, for SVT: female sex, ethnicity (African-American=protective), lower educational attainment, immobility and family history of varicose veins. For DVT and DVE, significant correlates included: heavy smoking, immobility and family history of DVEs (borderline for DVE). For PE, significant predictors included immobility and, in contrast to DVT, blood pressure (BP, systolic or diastolic). In women, oestrogen use duration for hormone replacement therapy, in all and among oestrogen users, predicted PE and DVE, respectively.ConclusionsThese findings fortify evidence for known risk correlates/predictors for venous disease, such as family history, hormone use and immobility. New risk associations are shown. Striking among these is an association of PE, but not DVT, to elevated BP: we conjecture PE may serve as cause rather than consequence. Future studies should evaluate the temporal direction of this association. Oxidative stress and cell energy compromise are proposed to explain and predict many risk factors, operating through cell-death mediated triggering of coagulation activation

Supply of accounting graduates and the demand for public accounting recruits, 1978

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aicpa_arprts/1066/thumbnail.jp

Patterns of Infant Mortality in the Upper St. John Valley French Population: 1791-1838

The purpose of this paper is to provide a descriptive analysis of infant mortality patterns in a pre-industrial North American population, the Madawaska French of the upper St. John Valley. A synchronic approach was taken in examining a series of 320 infant deaths identified through family reconstitution. The infant mortality rate for the series is 132 per 1000, low compared to other pre-industrial populations. The large average completed family size of 11.34 is associated with short birth intervals averaging 21.9 months. Women who experience infant mortality were found to have significantly larger completed families that those who did not. Infant mortality risk was positively associated with larger ultimate family size, but was unrelated to birth order. Patterns of high fertility and low infant mortality are attributed to the process of colonization and population expansion in a relatively isolated area

Patterns of Infant Mortality in the Upper St. John Valley French Population: 1791-1838

The purpose of this paper is to provide a descriptive analysis of infant mortality patterns in a pre-industrial North American population, the Madawaska French of the upper St. John Valley. A synchronic approach was taken in examining a series of 320 infant deaths identified through family reconstitution. The infant mortality rate for the series is 132 per 1000, low compared to other pre-industrial populations. The large average completed family size of 11.34 is associated with short birth intervals ranging 21.9 months. Women who experience infant mortality were found to have significantly larger completed families than those who did not. Infant mortality risk was positively associated with larger ultimate family size, but was unrelated to birth order. Patterns of high fertility and low infant mortality are attributed to the process of colonization and population expansion in a relatively isolated are

Enzymes as Feed Additive to Aid in Responses Against Eimeria Species in Coccidia-Vaccinated Broilers Fed Corn-Soybean Meal Diets with Different Protein Levels

This research aimed to evaluate the effects of adding a combination of exogenous enzymes to starter diets varying in protein content and fed to broilers vaccinated at day of hatch with live oocysts and then challenged with mixed Eimeria spp. Five hundred four 1-d-old male Cobb-500 chickens were distributed in 72 cages. The design consisted of 12 treatments. Three anticoccidial control programs [ionophore (IO), coccidian vaccine (COV), and coccidia-vaccine + enzymes (COV + EC)] were evaluated under 3 CP levels (19, 21, and 23%), and 3 unmedicated-uninfected (UU) negative controls were included for each one of the protein levels. All chickens except those in unmedicated-uninfected negative controls were infected at 17 d of age with a mixed oral inoculum of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella. Live performance, lesion scores, oocyst counts, and samples for gut microflora profiles were evaluated 7 d postinfection. Ileal digestibility of amino acids (IDAA) was determined 8 d postinfection. Microbial communities (MC) were analyzed by G + C%, microbial numbers were counted by flow cytometry, and IgA concentrations were measured by ELISA. The lowest CP diets had poorer (P ≤ 0.001) BW gain and feed conversion ratio in the preinfection period. Coccidia-vaccinated broilers had lower performance than the ones fed ionophore diets during pre- and postchallenge periods. Intestinal lesion scores were affected (P ≤ 0.05) by anticoccidial control programs, but responses changed according to gut section. Feed additives or vaccination had no effect (P ≥ 0.05) on IDAA, and diets with 23% CP had the lowest (P ≤ 0.001) IDAA. Coccidial infection had no effect on MC numbers in the ileum but reduced MC numbers in ceca and suppressed ileal IgA production. The COV + EC treatment modulated MC during mixed coccidiosis infection but did not significantly improve chicken performance. Results indicated that feed enzymes may be used to modulate the gut microflora of cocci-vaccinated broiler chickens