Fighting for a Radical City: Student Protesters and the Politics of Space in 1960s and 1970s Downtown Manhattan

In the popular imagination, 1960s radicalism often appears as a national phenomenon that varied little from region to region. The case of downtown Manhattan during these years, however, challenges this assumption. Student radicals at New York University in Greenwich Village were just as concerned with issues of urban equity and the politics of urban space as they were with more national concerns, such as ending the Vietnam War. NYU students advocated that the university offer open admissions and free tuition to any New Yorker who wished to attend and fought against what they perceived to be the university’s imperialistic management of Bellevue Hospital.In this paper, I consider the ways in which late 1960s radicals in downtown Manhattan negotiated how a city should be constituted, and I argue that, in challenging the concrete city conditions that they deemed to be indicative of larger systemic problems, these radicals’ activism represents not only a piece of 1960s radical history but also a chapter of local urban history. Manhattan radicalism in the 1960s was predicated on the urban environment that it was a part of, and a consideration of the radical efforts to reconstruct the postwar city is essential to understanding period radicalism and the development of cities.The rapid and transformative changes in American metropolitan areas after the Second World War and the leftist radicalism that is the hallmark of the decade are narratives that commentators often tell as two different, unrelated stories, even though, in the case of New York City, student activism had everything to do with the postwar city. My examination of radicals’ work to enact local change takes steps toward furthering the efforts of a generation of scholars who have tried to complicate our view of “the sixties.”Dans l’imaginaire populaire, le radicalisme des années soixante semble souvent un phénomène peu variable d’une région à une autre. Cependant, en considérant la situation des quartiers du sud de Manhattan, cette supposition est remise en question. Les étudiants radicaux de New York University (NYU) à Greenwich Village étaient autant concernés par des enjeux d’équité urbaine et la politique de développement urbain que par des sujets nationaux, comme mettre un terme à la guerre du Vietnam. Les étudiants de NYU ont lutté pour des admissions plus ouvertes et l’annulation des droits de scolarité pour tous les New Yorkais qui souhaitaient aller à l’université. Ils combattaient ce qu’ils percevaient comme de l’impérialisme de la part de l’Université dans la gestion de l’hôpital Bellevue.Dans cet article, j’aborde les manières par lesquelles les radicaux de Manhattan des années soixante ont déterminé comment une ville devait être constituée. Je soutiens qu’en contestant les conditions urbaines, ils ont mis en lumière des problèmes systémiques plus larges. L’activisme de ces radicaux ne constitue pas seulement une partie de l’histoire radicale des années soixante, mais aussi un chapitre de l’histoire locale et urbaine. Le radicalisme de Manhattan dans les années soixante est enchâssé dans le milieu urbain dans lequel il se trouve et une analyse des efforts radicaux de redévelopper la ville dans l’après-guerre est essentielle pour comprendre le radicalisme de cette période et le développement des villes.Les changements rapides qu’ont connu les régions métropolitaines des Etats-Unis après la Seconde Guerre mondiale et le radicalisme gauchiste qui est caractéristique des années soixante sont des récits que souvent les chercheurs considèrent comme distincts, sans rapports entre eux, même si, dans le cas de New York City, l’activisme des étudiants était partie intégrante de la ville de l’après-guerre. Mon analyse des radicaux et de leur action afin de provoquer des changements locaux accentue les efforts d’une génération de chercheurs qui ont essayé de complexifier notre façon d’examiner et de comprendre « les années soixante »

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

Biomarker-calibrated protein intake and physical function in the Women's Health Initiative.

ObjectivesTo determine whether preservation of physical function with aging may be partially met through modification in dietary protein intake.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingWomen's Health Initiative (WHI) Clinical Trials (CT) and Observational Study (OS) conducted at 40 clinical centers.ParticipantsWomen aged 50 to 79 (N = 134,961) with dietary data and one or more physical function measures.MeasurementsPhysical function was assessed using the short-form RAND-36 at baseline and annually beginning in 2005 for all WHI participants and at closeout for CT participants (average ~7 years after baseline). In a subset of 5,346 participants, physical performance measures (grip strength, number of chair stands in 15 seconds, and timed 6-m walk) were assessed at baseline and Years 1, 3, and 6. Calibrated energy and protein intake were derived from regression equations using baseline food frequency questionnaire data collected on the entire cohort and doubly labeled water and 24-hour urinary nitrogen collected from a representative sample as reference measures. Associations between calibrated protein intake and each of the physical function measures were assessed using generalized estimating equations.ResultsCalibrated protein intake ranged from 6.6% to 22.3% energy. Higher calibrated protein intake at baseline was associated with higher self-reported physical function (quintile (Q)5, 85.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 81.9-87.5; Q1, 75.4, 95% CI = 73.2-78.5, P trend = .002) and a slower rate of functional decline (annualized change: Q5, -0.47, 95% CI = -0.63 to -0.39; Q1, -0.98, 95% CI = -1.18 to -0.75, P trend = .02). Women with higher calibrated protein intake also had greater grip strength at baseline (Q5, 24.7 kg, 95% CI = 24.3-25.2 kg; Q1, 24.1 kg, 95% CI = 23.6-24.5 kg, P trend = .04) and slower declines in grip strength (annualized change: Q5, -0.45 kg, 95% CI = -0.39 to -0.63 kg; Q1, -0.59 kg, 95% CI = -0.50 to -0.66 kg, P trend = .03). Women with higher calibrated protein intake also completed more chair stands at baseline (Q5, 7.11, 95% CI = 6.91-7.26; Q1, 6.61, 95% CI = 6.46-6.76, P trend = .002).ConclusionHigher calibrated protein intake is associated with better physical function and performance and slower rates of decline in postmenopausal women

Biomarker-calibrated protein intake and physical function in the Women's Health Initiative.

ObjectivesTo determine whether preservation of physical function with aging may be partially met through modification in dietary protein intake.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingWomen's Health Initiative (WHI) Clinical Trials (CT) and Observational Study (OS) conducted at 40 clinical centers.ParticipantsWomen aged 50 to 79 (N = 134,961) with dietary data and one or more physical function measures.MeasurementsPhysical function was assessed using the short-form RAND-36 at baseline and annually beginning in 2005 for all WHI participants and at closeout for CT participants (average ~7 years after baseline). In a subset of 5,346 participants, physical performance measures (grip strength, number of chair stands in 15 seconds, and timed 6-m walk) were assessed at baseline and Years 1, 3, and 6. Calibrated energy and protein intake were derived from regression equations using baseline food frequency questionnaire data collected on the entire cohort and doubly labeled water and 24-hour urinary nitrogen collected from a representative sample as reference measures. Associations between calibrated protein intake and each of the physical function measures were assessed using generalized estimating equations.ResultsCalibrated protein intake ranged from 6.6% to 22.3% energy. Higher calibrated protein intake at baseline was associated with higher self-reported physical function (quintile (Q)5, 85.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 81.9-87.5; Q1, 75.4, 95% CI = 73.2-78.5, P trend = .002) and a slower rate of functional decline (annualized change: Q5, -0.47, 95% CI = -0.63 to -0.39; Q1, -0.98, 95% CI = -1.18 to -0.75, P trend = .02). Women with higher calibrated protein intake also had greater grip strength at baseline (Q5, 24.7 kg, 95% CI = 24.3-25.2 kg; Q1, 24.1 kg, 95% CI = 23.6-24.5 kg, P trend = .04) and slower declines in grip strength (annualized change: Q5, -0.45 kg, 95% CI = -0.39 to -0.63 kg; Q1, -0.59 kg, 95% CI = -0.50 to -0.66 kg, P trend = .03). Women with higher calibrated protein intake also completed more chair stands at baseline (Q5, 7.11, 95% CI = 6.91-7.26; Q1, 6.61, 95% CI = 6.46-6.76, P trend = .002).ConclusionHigher calibrated protein intake is associated with better physical function and performance and slower rates of decline in postmenopausal women