Genetic analysis of traits of interest in Vitis vinifera using a progeny of wine grapes: Monastrell x Syrah

The wine industry has a high value throughout the world, and the vine breeders are working to obtain new varieties well adapted to the new climatic conditions and with better genetic composition. In wine grapes there are some traits that are important for viticulture and the winery, such as phenological period, productivity, and the quality of the berries. Most of these traits are controlled by a large number of genes of minor effect, together with influences of the environment. Early identification of individuals carrying the desired allele combinations allows breeders to grow larger effective populations. One approach to the improvement of conventional breeding is the identification of chromosomal regions or QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) involved in the genetic control of quality traits, based on genetic maps and phenotypic evaluation of a segregating progeny. The purpose of QTL mapping is to identify the number and location of the genetic determinants responsible for the variation of the quantitative traits under study and their stability among different years. The identification of genes and molecular markers underlying quality traits will accelerate the breeding process, creating new opportunities for crop improvement. The goal of this work is the identification of the major genetic determinants for a given phenotypic trait in genetic maps and their co-localization with the position of candidate gene sequences related to the relevant phenotype. For this purpose, three specific objectives were considered: (1) The phenotypic evaluation of a progeny of 229 hybrids derived from a controlled cross between the wine grape cultivars Monastrell and Syrah; (2) The construction of grapevine genetic maps, using this progeny and molecular markers; (3) The use of these maps and the phenotypic data for QTL analyses, in order to develop helpful markers for breeding programs. Crossing Monastrell and Syrah generated a large phenotypic variability that may be useful in the development of new cultivars with improved attributes. Twenty-two segregating agronomic traits, related to phenology, productivity, morphology and enological quality, were evaluated for each genotype in three or six seasons (2008-2013). Continuous variation and transgressive segregation were observed for most of the evaluated characters, suggesting a polygenic inheritance. Genetic maps were developed with JoinMap 3.0 software, applying the Kosambi mapping function to convert recombination rates into genetic distances. Parental and consensus genetic maps were established using 251 informative markers: 104 SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeat), 146 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism), and 1 CAPS (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence). The joint analysis of the phenotypic data and of genetic variations at SSR and SNP loci allowed us to identify several QTLs for most of the traits evaluated, using the MapQTL 4.0 software. Several QTLs confirm the results reported by other authors and additional QTLs are new findings. Candidate genes have been proposed, which represent a valuable resource for further validation. These results contribute to our knowledge of the genetic determinants that control these traits of interest in grapevine.Universidad Politécnica de Cartagen

Genetic analysis of traits of interest in wine grapes

[SPA] La competencia actual en los mercados vinícolas hace necesaria la búsqueda de nuevas variedades bien adaptadas y con propiedades exclusivas para la creación de vinos de calidad. Desde el IMIDA se lleva a cabo un programa de mejora de uva de vinificación que pretende dotar de nuevas variedades a los agricultores de la región. La optimización de los programas de mejora pasa por el desarrollo de marcadores moleculares que permitan una temprana selección de los genotipos. El presente trabajo expone el estudio a nivel fenotípico y genotípico de una población híbrida con el objetivo final de encontrar nuevas variedades y posibles marcadores que ayuden en los programas de mejora. [ENG] Currently, the competitive in the wine markets makes necessary seek new varieties well adapted and with exclusive proprieties for high quality wines. The IMIDA’s wine grape breeding program has the aim to obtain new varieties for our region’s growers. The optimization of breeding programs needs the molecular markers development that allows an early genotypic selection. The present work shows the study of a hybrid progeny at phenotypic and genetic level with the final goal to obtain new varieties and molecular markers that help in breeding programs.Ana Fuentes por su ayuda en el laboratorio y al equipo técnico de la finca Hacienda Nueva por el mantenimiento y conservación de la progenie en campo

Sweet cherry behaviour in the climatic conditions of the Region of Murcia

[SPA] En este trabajo se expone la influencia que ejercen los patrones Adara, Mariana 2624, Mayor, MaxMa 14, Santa Lucia 64, Gisela 5, Gisela 6, Pikú 1, Pikú 3 y Pikú 4 sobre la variedad de cerezo “Newstar”, y se han evaluado 69 variedades de cerezo injertadas sobre Mariana 2624 con intermediario de Adara. Ambos ensayos se han realizado en un suelo pesado, calcáreo y con alto contenido en arcilla ubicado en el término municipal de Jumilla. Se han encontrado diferencias significativas entre patrones para parámetros como el vigor, la producción, el tamaño del fruto, el contenido en solidos solubles y la firmeza. Mariana 2624 con intermediario de Adara es el patrón recomendado para la zona de cultivo. Los patrones Gisela 5, Gisela 6, SL 64, Mayor y Pikú 1 han presentado un mayor porcentaje de mortandad, lo que hace desaconsejable su uso. Por otro lado, se han determinado aquellas 20 variedades que mejor adaptadas están a la zona del ensayo, y que podrían ser más interesantes por su productividad y calidad de fruto. Sin embargo, no se han encontrado variedades extra-tempranas que puedan ser de interés. [ENG] The influence of Adara, Mariana 2624, Mayor, MaxMa 14, Saint Lucie GF 64 (SL 64), Gisela 5, Gisela 6, Pikú 1, Pikú 3 and Pikú 4 rootstocks onto vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of “Newstar” sweet cherry cultivar was studied. Also, 69 sweet cherry cultivars grafted in Mariana 2624 with Adara, as interstock, was studied. Both trials were performed in Jumilla, on a heavy and calcareous soil. Significant differences in parameters such as vigour, yield, fruit size, soluble solids content (SSC) and fruit firmness were examined among rootstocks. Mariana 2624 with Adara, as interstock, was the rootstock with better agronomic performance. In general, Gisela 5, Gisela 6, SL 64, Mayor and Pikú 1 presented the highest mortality rate, that advice not to use in our conditions. On the other hand, the results of this investigation showed 20 cultivars that are better adapted and could be considered to introduce this crop in this area for their productivity and fruit quality. However, not early cultivars were found in our study.A los componentes del Grupo Cerezo I+D. Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto INIA RTA:2006-00057-00-00 y ha sido cofinanciado por el proyecto PO07-027. Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el marco de la Acción Cost FA 1104

Comportamiento de patrones de cerezo en las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la Región de Murcia

En este trabajo se expone la influencia que ejercen los patrones Adara, Mariana 2624, Mayor, MaxMa 14, Santa Lucia GF 64, Gisela 5, Gisela 6, Piku 1, Piku 3 y Piku4 en el crecimiento vegetativo, producción y calidad del fruto de la variedad de cerezo NewStar. Este ensayo se ha realizado en un suelo pesado, calcáreo y con alto contenido en arcilla ubicado en el término municipal de Jumilla. Se han encontrado diferencias significativas para parámetros como el vigor, producción, tamaño del fruto, contenido en solidos solubles y firmeza. Las mayores producciones acumuladas fueron para patrones vigorosos como son Mariana 2624, Mayor y Adara. Los patrones de menor vigor como Gisela 5 y Piku 1, presentaron una tendencia excesiva al enanismo. Aquellos patrones peor adaptados a las condiciones edafoclimáticas del ensayo como Gisela 5, Gisela 6, SL 64, Mayor y Piku 1 presentaron mayor porcentaje de mortandad.A los componentes del Grupo Cerezo I+D. Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto INIA RTA:2006‐ 00057‐00‐00 y ha sido cofinanciado por el proyecto PO07‐027. Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el marco de la Acción Cost FA 1104

Molecular mapping of grapevine genes

In this chapter, we review the history of grapevine genetics and gene mapping. Genetic markers are introduced considering both sequence-based and sequence-independent approaches used for variant discovery. We provide a survey of genotyping tools, from low- to high-throughput platforms. We describe general principles of map building and implementation, highlighting specificities for outbred species such as the grapevine. Then, we review the different approaches applied for QTL identification according to the genetic material, from bi-parental progenies, pedigree-supported segregating populations, to germplasm collection. In particular, our emphasis is on the relevance of such studies for the dissection of a complex trait. We describe the difficult process of identifying genes responsible for QTLs and the few cases of QTL cloning. Many years have passed from the first grapevine marker isolation, the development of genetic and physical maps, until the deciphering of the genome sequence. With such a wealth of detailed information on wild and cultivated grapevines, we discuss how data sharing and multidisciplinary data integration are the current challenges that the scientific community faces to effectively translate knowledge into practic