Composition and Phase Analysis on Glazed Tiles of Southeast Anatolia: Production Process Identification

The analytical characterization of cultural heritage materials has a great importance in terms of gaining the scientific knowledge which provides guidance for conservation applications covering the re-integration and re-production processes needed in protection. In this study, the glazed tile samples of a 15th century monument located in southeast Anatolia are investigated and a comprehensive archaeometric data for restoration and conservation is created. XRF and EDX were used to reveal the chemical composition of tile bodies and particularly the glazes. SEM and petrography analyses were employed to examine the micro and macro structural features of the bodies, respectively. Samples were exposed to X-ray diffraction for characterization of the mineral/phase contents. Furthermore, thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis and Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry were the complementary methods. The mineralogical content of the samples suggested a firing temperature of ca 850-900oC. The chemical composition of the tile fabrics indicated use of calcareous raw materials due to relatively high CaO content. It was deduced that the alkaline and lead oxides were the main components of the glazes, with low lead oxide (˂5 wt.%) for the samples PS-2, PS-4, PS-5 and PS-6. It was also seen that the blue/green turquoise colors were obtained with copper, whereas blue itself was due to cobalt. Tin was occasionally detected in chemical composition of some glazed surfaces, and its presence was mostly attributed to the purpose of gaining opaqueness

The assessment of learning through the scope of somatosensory event related potentials

AMAÇ: Bu çalışmada basit dokunsal uyaranlar kullanılarak elektrofizyolojik yaklaşımla öğrenme ve bilişsel süreçlerin irdelenmesi hedeflenmiştir. GEREÇ ve YÖNTEMLER: 23 sağlıklı bireye (21.44±2.73 yas; 8 kadın) ait 64 kanal EEG kayıtları değerlendirilmiştir. Basit dokunsal uyaran olarak 4-D Pnömatik Stimulatör cihazı içeren düzenekle farklı iki el işaret (hedef) ve üçüncü parmaklarına (hedef olmayan) dokunsal basınç uygulanmıştır. Hedef uyaranların sayılması istenmiş, hata oranları%10 altında olan koşullardaki süpürümler elde edilmiştir. Post analizde bireysel ve grup ortalaması yanıtları 14 elektrotta (F , F , F ,C ,C ,C ,T ,T , P , P , P , P ,O ve O ) gösterilmiştir. BULGULAR: Tüm kafada yaygın olarak gözlenen, en yüksek genlikle Cz'de saptanan olaya ilişkin potansiyeller (SERP) ve basit dokunsal uyarılma potansiyelleri (SEP) saptanmıştır. Bu yanıtlarda çok erken, erken ve geç zaman pencerelerinde dalga bileşenleri analiz edilmiştir. Analize göre, çok erken yanıtlar (50-120 msn) ilk ve ikinci uygulamada değismezken, erken yanıtlar (150-250 msn) belirgin olarak küçülmüştür (her bir ölçüm için, <0.05). Geç yanıt bileşenleri (300-450 msn) ise deney sonuna kadar korunmuştur. Geç yanıt bileşenleri hedef uyaran yanıtlarında hedef olmayanlara göre anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur (herbir ölçüm için, <0.001). SONUÇ: Çok erken yanıtların değişmemesi, duyusal yanıtların korunması olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Erken yanıtların belirgin azalması, bilissel süreç olarak deneye katılımın ölçütü olarak ele alınmış ve bu koşul bireylerin deney desenini öğrenmesi olarak yorumlanmıştır. Geç yanıtların korunması ise bireylerin sayma ödevlerini tüm deney boyunca koruması ve bununla ilgili dikkat bileşenlerinin öne çıkması olarak değerlendirilmiştir.OBJECTIVE: The current study aims to investigate the cognitive processes through the scope of electrophysiological approach on the application of simple somatosensory stimuli. MATERIALand METHODS: Total of 23 subjects participated to the study (21.44±2.73 years; 8 females) for the analysis of 64 channel EEG data. Simple tactile stimuli were delivered using 4-D pneumatic stimulator, delivering a soft touch stimulus to the index (target) and middle fingers (non-target) of the subjects in two consecutive sessions. The subjects were requested to mentally count the target stimuli. The sweeps resulting from less than 10 percent error rate were accepted into the study. The individual and group event related responses were analyzed over 14 electrode (F , F , F ,C ,C ,C ,T ,T , P , P , P , P ,O andO ) sites in a post-analysis session. RESULTS: The responses (SEP and SERP) to the tactile stimuli were widely observed across the electrode sites with the the biggest amplitudes at Cz (central) electrode. Within the responses, very early, early and late time windows and their respective wave forms were analysed. The analysis revealed that very early waveforms (50- 120 msn) remained the same in two sessions, whereas, the early responses (150-250 msn) decreased significantly from the first session to the second (for each comparison, p<0.05). The late time components (300-450 msn) maintained their level throughout the experiment. The target and standard late responses were also found to differ significantly in two consecutive sessions (for each comparison, <0.001). CONCLUSION: No changes very early responses suggests the preservation of sensory responses. The significant decrease of early responses may be explained by the attendance of the subjects to the experiment, pointing their learning of the template of the experimental set-up. On the other hand, the maintaining of the late responses might be related to the task performance of the subjects, where they are demanded to keep their attention throughout the experiment

Chairside Restorations of Maxillary Anterior Teeth with CAD/CAM Porcelain Laminate Veneers Produced by Digital Workflow

Since the introduction of porcelain laminate veneers in the early 1980s, the anterior esthetic rehabilitation with PLVs has been provided with a conventional restorative technique for many years. Recently, a new concept named digital workflow has been raised that will lead to the abandonment of conventional procedures during the fabrication of PLVs. Digital workflow is a new concept facilitating applications by adapting digital systems to clinical applications, including intra- and extraoral photographs, diagnostic wax-up, mock-up, intraoral camera, and use of the CAD/CAM device. The aim of this case report is to describe the clinical procedures of porcelain laminate veneers using digital workflow with a facilitating step in a single session and to evaluate the PLVs after one year of clinical service.PubMedWoSScopu

Dikotik dinlemede dikkatin kulak tercihine etkisi

The dichotic listening test is a non-invasive, low cost and easy to apply technique used in studying asymmetry of phonetic processing. In this test, participants are presented with two syllables, one in each ear, simultaneously and are asked to declare the syllab le they hear. Syllables are constructed as consonant-vowel (CV) pairs. In the classical dichotic listening test, 65-90% of healthy individuals declare the syllable presented in the right ear. In order to explain this right ear advantage (REA), anatomical and attention- related models are proposed. According to these models, REA can be associated with left hemisphere dominance; besides, attention drive top down control can modify REA. It is suggested that this test can be used to investigate attention deficits, functioning of different areas in left hemisphere and callosal transfer function in studies of pathological conditions. Objective: Establishing dominant hemisphere of healthy subjects in auditory system and investigation of effect of instructional attention on this asymmetry. Also, correlation of this new Turkish version of the dichotic test results with other nation;amp;#8217;s dichotic test results. Material and method: 36 CV syllable pairs were presented to 20 healthy subjects (all right-handed, 12 male) in three different conditions: no direction of the attention (nonforced, NF), directing attention to right ear (forced-right, FR), directing attention to left ear (forced-left, FL). Declarations of the heard syllable were recorded by a recently developed electronic system. In statistical analysis, repeated measures of ANOVA;amp;#8217;s was used. Results: REA was 53.95% (;plusmn;17.20) in NF condition, 61.23% in FR condition, 37.72% in FL condition. In FL condition, the rate of left ear advantage was found to be %47.19, which was greater than in NF and FR conditions. Conclusion: In healthy subjects, left hemisphere dominance was found. REA can be modified by top down control mechanisms. Dichotic listening test can be used in determination of conditions related to auditory cortex malfunctions and attention deficit disorders as well as in follow-up of medical treatments of these types of disorders.Dikotik dinleme testi; işitsel sistemdeki fonetik işlemlemenin asimetrisi çalışmalarında kullanılan girişimsel olmayan, uygulaması kolay ve düşük maliyetli bir yöntemdir. Sessiz-sesli harflerden oluşan hecelerin (consonant-vowel/CV) aynı anda, iki farklı kulaktan dinletilmesiyle yapılan testte, katılımcılar duydukları hece için yanıtlarını verirler. Klasik dikotik dinleme testi sonucunda sağlıklı kişilerin %65-90’nında sağ kulak tercih edilir. Kulak tercihi mekanizmasını açıklamak için anatomik bağlantılara dayanan duyusal (aşağıdan yukarıya işlemleme/bottom up processing) ve kortikal kontrolün (yukarıdan aşağıya kontrol/top down control) rol aldığı dikkate bağlı iki ana model ileri sürülmüştür. Bazı patolojik durumlarda yapılan çeşitli dikotik dinleme testi araştırmalarında, bu testin sol hemisferdeki merkezlerin normal çalışıp çalışmadığının belirlenmesi, dikkat eksikliğinin tespiti, kallozal transfer fonksiyonunun tayininde kullanılabileceği önerilmektedir. Amaç: Konuşma heceleri uygulanan sağlıklı gönüllülerde işitsel sistemde baskın hemisferin tayin edilmesi ve dikkat yönergesinin bu asimetrik yapıya etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Ayrıca dikotik dinleme testinin Türk toplumu için geçerliliğinin değerlendirilmesidir. Gereç ve yöntem: 20 sağlıklı gönüllüye (20 sağlak, 12 erkek) 36 adet CV dikotik hece, dikkat hiçbir kulağa yönlendirilmeden (non-forced/NF), dikkat sağ kulağa (forced right ear attention/FR) ve sol kulağa (forced left ear attention/FL) yönlendirilerek uygulandı. Kişilerin verdiği yanıtlar yeni geliştirilen elektronik bir sistemle değerlendirildi. İstatistiksel analizde yineleyen ölçümlerde ANOVA testi kullanıldı. Bulgular: NF durumda ortalama %53,95 sağ kulak tercihi (REA), FR durumda %61,23 REA ve FL durumda %37,72 REA bulundu. FL durumda ise sol kulak tercihi %47,19 olup, NF ve FR durumundan yüksekti. Sonuç: Sağlıklı bireylerde sol hemisfer üstünlüğü bulunmaktadır. Yukarıdan aşağıya kontrol mekanizmasıyla kulak tercihi değiştirilebilmektedir. Burada uygulanan dikotik dinleme testleri Kulak Burun Boğaz, Odyoloji, Nöroloji, Psikiyatri ve ilgili diğer bilim dallarının işbirliğiyle geliştirilerek işitme merkezi hasarı ve dikkat bozukluğu hastalıklarının tayininde ve ayrıca bu hastalıkların tedavilerinin izleminde kullanılabilir

Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with olfactory function using smell identification screening test

WOS: 000407374100019PubMed ID: 28653267The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of Helicobacter pylori in olfactory function. Thirty-six patients (mean age 38.5) aged between 18 and 55 years who were diagnosed with H. pylori by gastric biopsies and age- and sex-matched 30 healthy adults (mean age 33.6) were included in the study. All participants underwent a detailed ear-nose-throat examination including endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity and laryngeal area, and olfactory tests were performed using the Sniffin' Sticks, a 12-item screening test (Sniffin'Sticks; Burghart, Wedel, Germany) and odor scores were recorded. The mean odor score was 7.9 +/- 1.7 (range 2-10) in the patient group and 10.3 +/- 1.4 (range 6-12) in the control group. There were significant lower scores in the patient group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it is apparent that there is an association of H. pylori infection with olfactory dysfunction. H. pylori infection should be considered as possible etiological factors in patients with olfactory dysfunction