The Supercam Instrument Suite on the Mars 2020 Rover: Science Objectives and Mast-Unit Description

On the NASA 2020 rover mission to Jezero crater, the remote determination of the texture, mineralogy and chemistry of rocks is essential to quickly and thoroughly characterize an area and to optimize the selection of samples for return to Earth. As part of the Perseverance payload, SuperCam is a suite of five techniques that provide critical and complementary observations via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Time-Resolved Raman and Luminescence (TRR/L), visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VISIR), high-resolution color imaging (RMI), and acoustic recording (MIC). SuperCam operates at remote distances, primarily 2–7 m, while providing data at sub-mm to mm scales. We report on SuperCam’s science objectives in the context of the Mars 2020 mission goals and ways the different techniques can address these questions. The instrument is made up of three separate subsystems: the Mast Unit is designed and built in France; the Body Unit is provided by the United States; the calibration target holder is contributed by Spain, and the targets themselves by the entire science team. This publication focuses on the design, development, and tests of the Mast Unit; companion papers describe the other units. The goal of this work is to provide an understanding of the technical choices made, the constraints that were imposed, and ultimately the validated performance of the flight model as it leaves Earth, and it will serve as the foundation for Mars operations and future processing of the data

The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the Mars 2020 Rover: Science Objectives and Mast-Unit Description

On the NASA 2020 rover mission to Jezero crater, the remote determination of the texture, mineralogy and chemistry of rocks is essential to quickly and thoroughly characterize an area and to optimize the selection of samples for return to Earth. As part of the Perseverance payload, SuperCam is a suite of five techniques that provide critical and complementary observations via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Time-Resolved Raman and Luminescence (TRR/L), visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VISIR), high-resolution color imaging (RMI), and acoustic recording (MIC). SuperCam operates at remote distances, primarily 2-7 m, while providing data at sub-mm to mm scales. We report on SuperCam's science objectives in the context of the Mars 2020 mission goals and ways the different techniques can address these questions. The instrument is made up of three separate subsystems: the Mast Unit is designed and built in France; the Body Unit is provided by the United States; the calibration target holder is contributed by Spain, and the targets themselves by the entire science team. This publication focuses on the design, development, and tests of the Mast Unit; companion papers describe the other units. The goal of this work is to provide an understanding of the technical choices made, the constraints that were imposed, and ultimately the validated performance of the flight model as it leaves Earth, and it will serve as the foundation for Mars operations and future processing of the data.In France was provided by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). Human resources were provided in part by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and universities. Funding was provided in the US by NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Some funding of data analyses at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) was provided by laboratory-directed research and development funds

Etude de l'évolution des propriétés de transport des membranes d'électrodialyse lors de leur encrassement par des polyphénols de moûts de raisins

Lors de toute électrodialyse de solutions de substances naturelles les performances des membranes semi-perméables aux ions varient par suite de l'encrassement.L'évolution au cours du temps des propriétés de transport des membranes d'un électrodialyseur a été étudiée avec quatre méthodes dans le cas où les modifications sont provoquées en déminéralisant des moûts très colorés de raisin.Les trois premières méthodes ne nécessitent pas de démonter le module d'électrodialyse et concernent le couple de membranes semi-perméables aux anions et aux cations. a

Transit Time Ultrasonic Flowmeter : Velocity Profile Estimation, Proceedings of the IEEE international ultrasonics symposium

International audienceOver the last years, improvements in acoustics and signal processing allowed to measure the flow rate with ultrasonic flowmeter at a very high accuracy. Transit time ultrasonic method is based on a well known principle: let A and B be 2 locations of transducers on each side of a pipe, then the apparent difference of the sound speed on the path AB and on the path BA is proportional to the fluid velocity averaged over the path. The estimation of the flow rate needs the conversion of this path velocity to a velocity averaged over the entire cross-section of the pipe containing the flowing fluid under investigation. Two phenomena have a particularly important impact on flowmeter performance: on the one hand, swirl which is the whole of nonflowing transverse velocities and on the other hand, the fluid velocity profile which can be asymmetric downstream an elbow for example. To date, the correct estimation of the fluid velocity profile and the compensation of swirl is not satisfactory solved. For these purposes we investigated two main directions. To overcome the problem of swirl, we have developed a geometrical configuration of flowmeter paths, which fully compensates for this phenomenon. Concerning the fluid velocity profile, we have defined a parametric model able to describe both symmetric and asymmetric flow velocity profiles. This theoretical parametric model was tested on numerical simulations and validated on data coming from experimental petroleum set up loop. These results show that our approach is a promising way for performance improvement of existing ultrasonic flowmeter accuracy

Access of Asymmetric Fluid Velocity Profile in High Precision Ultrasonic Velocimetry

International audienceA transit time ultrasonic flowmeter is a very accurate tool to measure the volumetric flowrate of a fluid flowing in a pipe. To estimate the flowrate, the fluid velocity averaged over the cross-section of the pipe has to be estimated from the fluid velocities averaged over the paths of the flowmeter. That is the reason why the velocity profile of the fluid, which depends on not only the Reynolds number but also on the upstream and downstream pipe configuration, is of great interest in transit time flowmetering. In this work, we propose to reconstruct the fluid velocity profile by using the measures of an 18 paths flowmeter measures to offer an in situ diagnostic tool of the flow. We first test tomography methods: filtered back-projection and then an iterative one, the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART). These methods are not really appropriate to our context of incomplete data. We have previously [Mandard, E, et al., 2005] defined a theoretical parametric model of the velocity profile which allows to in situ detect and characterize the asymmetry of the flow. We defined in this work a new parametric model which has a flowrate function of the asymmetry of the profile. It also has the advantage of determining the parameters of the symmetric term of the model in taking into account the asymmetric part of the profile. This new profile is a promising way in increasing the accuracy of the flowmeter in disturbed flow condition by taking into account the additional information provided by the velocity profile reconstructio

Outcome of patients admitted with oxygen mismatch and myocardial injury or infarction in emergency departments

International audienceAIMS: To describe the outcomes and associated factors in a population of patients admitted to emergency departments with at least one condition of oxygen supply/demand imbalance, regardless of the troponin result or restrictive criteria for type 2 myocardial infarction. METHODS: We constituted a retrospective cohort of 824 patients. Medical records of patients having undergone a troponin assay were reviewed for selection and classification, and data including in-hospital stay and readmissions were collected. The reported outcomes are in-hospital mortality, 3-year mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular events. RESULTS: Patients with myocardial infarction or injury, either chronic or acute, were older, with more history of hypertension and chronic heart or renal failure but not for other cardiovascular risk factors and medical history. Acute myocardial injury and type 2 myocardial infarction were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality [odds ratio (OR) 3.71 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.90-7.33 and OR 3.15 95% CI 1.59-6.28, respectively]. However, the long-term mortality does not differ in comparison with patients presenting chronic myocardial injury or nonelevated troponin, ranging from 26.9 to 34.3%. Patients with chronic myocardial injury and type 2 myocardial infarction had more long-term major cardiovascular events (39.3 and 38.8%), but only for acute heart failure, and none was associated with this outcome after adjustment. CONCLUSION: Among patients admitted to emergency departments with an oxygen supply/demand imbalance, acute myocardial injury and type 2 myocardial infarction are strongly associated with in-hospital mortality. However, they are not associated with higher long-term mortality or major cardiovascular events after discharge, which tend to occur in elderly people with comorbidities