Depressão e fragilidade na velhice: uma revisão narrativa das publicações de 2008-2018

This article reports a narrative review of the literature on the relationships between depression and frailty in the elderly. We selected 28 articles retrieved from the LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO databases published in the last decade (2008-2018). The literature review revealed the predominance of screening measures for depression and the conceptual model of the frailty phenotype. Variations in the associations between the two conditions mediated by variables related to gender, physical, cognitive and socioemotional aspects, biological markers, use of antidepressants and risk of mortality were observed. The findings corroborate the combined impact of the two syndromes, which promote greater health decline, vulnerability and a high-risk profile. Although considered distinct syndromes, depression and frailty are strongly associated. There is a lack of national data on the combined effect of the phenomena in the Brazilian elderly population23COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESsem informaçãoEste artigo apresenta uma revisão narrativa da literatura sobre as relações entre depressão e fragilidade em idosos. Foram selecionados 28 artigos derivados da consulta às bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed e SciELO, publicados na última década (2008-2018). A análise da literatura evidenciou o predomínio de medidas de rastreio para depressão e do modelo conceitual do fenótipo de fragilidade. Observou-se a variação das associações entre as condições na presença de variáveis relativas: ao sexo, à funcionalidade física, cognitiva e aos aspectos socioemocionais, marcadores biológicos, uso de antidepressivos e risco de mortalidade. Os achados corroboram o impacto combinado das duas síndromes, que refletem maiores prejuízos para a saúde, maior vulnerabilidade e um perfil de alto risco. Embora consideradas síndromes distintas, estão fortemente associadas. Ressalta-se a escassez de dados nacionais que retratem o efeito combinado dos fenômenos na população idosa brasileir

The preparation of the Shutdown Dose Rate experiment for the next JET Deuterium-Tritium campaign

The assessment of the Shutdown Dose Rate (SDR) due to neutron activation is a major safety issue for fusion devices and in the last decade several benchmark experiments have been conducted at JET during Deuterium-Deuterium experiments for the validation of the numerical tools used in ITER nuclear analyses. The future Deuterium-Tritium campaign at JET (DTE2) will provide a unique opportunity to validate the codes under ITER-relevant conditions through the comparison between numerical predictions and measured quantities (C/E). For this purpose, a novel SDR experiment, described in the present work, is in preparation in the frame of the WPJET3-NEXP subproject within EUROfusion Consortium. The experimental setup has been accurately designed to reduce measurement uncertainties; spherical air-vented ionization chambers (ICs) will be used for on-line ex-vessel decay gamma dose measurements during JET shutdown following DT operations and activation foils have been selected for measuring the neutron fluence near ICs during operations. Active dosimeters (based on ICs) have been calibrated over a broad energy range (from about 30 keV to 1.3 MeV) with X and gamma reference beam qualities. Neutron irradiation tests confirmed the capability of active dosimeters of performing on-line decay gamma dose rate measurements, to follow gamma dose decay at the end of neutron irradiation as well as insignificant activation of the ICs

14 MeV calibration of JET neutron detectors-phase 1: calibration and characterization of the neutron source

In view of the planned DT operations at JET, a calibration of the JET neutron monitors at 14 MeV neutron energy is needed using a 14 MeV neutron generator deployed inside the vacuum vessel by the JET remote handling system. The target accuracy of this calibration is ±10% as also required by ITER, where a precise neutron yield measurement is important, e.g. for tritium accountancy. To achieve this accuracy, the 14 MeV neutron generator selected as the calibration source has been fully characterised and calibrated prior to the in-vessel calibration of the JET monitors. This paper describes the measurements performed using different types of neutron detectors, spectrometers, calibrated long counters and activation foils which allowed us to obtain the neutron emission rate and the anisotropy of the neutron generator, i.e. the neutron flux and energy spectrum dependence on emission angle, and to derive the absolute emission rate in 4π sr. The use of high resolution diamond spectrometers made it possible to resolve the complex features of the neutron energy spectra resulting from the mixed D/T beam ions reacting with the D/T nuclei present in the neutron generator target. As the neutron generator is not a stable neutron source, several monitoring detectors were attached to it by means of an ad hoc mechanical structure to continuously monitor the neutron emission rate during the in-vessel calibration. These monitoring detectors, two diamond diodes and activation foils, have been calibrated in terms of neutrons/counts within ±5% total uncertainty. A neutron source routine has been developed, able to produce the neutron spectra resulting from all possible reactions occurring with the D/T ions in the beam impinging on the Ti D/T target. The neutron energy spectra calculated by combining the source routine with a MCNP model of the neutron generator have been validated by the measurements. These numerical tools will be key in analysing the results from the in-vessel calibration and to derive the response of the JET neutron detectors to DT plasma neutrons starting from the response to the generator neutrons, and taking into account all the calibration circumstances.EURATOM 63305

Testing of tritium breeder blanket activation foil spectrometer during JET operations

Accurate measurement of the nuclear environment within a test tritium breeding-blanket module of a fusion reactor is crucial to determine tritium production rates which are relevant to self-sufficiency of tritium fuel supply, tritium accountancy and also to the evaluation of localised power levels produced in blankets. This requires evaluation of the time-dependent spectral neutron flux within the test tritium breeding-blanket module under harsh radiation and temperature environments. The application of an activation foil-based spectrometer system to determine neutron flux density using a pneumatic transfer system in ITER has been studied, deployed and tested on the Joint European Torus (JET) machine in a recent deuterium - deuterium campaign for a selection of high purity activation foils. Deployment of the spectrometer system has provided important functional and practical testing of the detector measurement system, associated hardware and post processing techniques for the analysis of large data sets produced through the use of list mode data collection. The testing is invaluable for the optimisation of systems for future planned testing in tritium - tritium and deuterium - tritium conditions. Analysis of the time and energy spectra collected to date and the status of the development of methods for post processing are presented in this paper

Development of On-Line Tritium Monitor Based Upon Artificial Diamond for Fusion Applications

In this paper a novel on-line tritium monitor is presented. It is made with a single crystal diamond detector (SCD) covered with a thin layer of LiF 95% enriched in ⁶Li. Thermal neutrons impinging on the LiF layer produce α and T ions which are detected by the active diamond. The pulse height spectrum shows two separated peaks due to α and T ions respectively. By a proper calibration in a reference thermal flux the number of ⁶Li atoms and thus the absolute n+⁶Li→α+T reaction rate per unitary flux can be established. Once calibrated the detector can be used to measure the tritium production. Due to the many outstanding properties of diamond this detector could operate in the harsh working conditions of a fusion breeding blanket. A test of this detector was performed at the 14 MeV Frascati Neutron Generator (FNG). The detector was inserted inside a mock-up of the European Helium Cooled Lithium Lead (HCLL) Tritium Blanket Module (TBM), designed to validate the neutronic database for fusion application. The mock-up of the TBM was designed to perform a full set of experiments to validate tritium production code prediction comparing the experimental results with calculations. The measured tritium rates with the Li-Diamond detector are described in this paper. Comparison with calculations is in progress and will be reported in a future paper

Preanalysis of Neutron Activation Measurements in Shielding Penetrations at JET

In the present work, the preanalysis of activation foil experiments to determine neutron fluence rates along JET hall ducts and labyrinths is discussed. Simulations were performed using computational codes MCNPX and FISPACT-II and a detailed model of the JET hall, including the tokamak, biological shield and penetrations. The induced activity and detector count rate were predicted for activation foils placed at selected positions within the JET hall for Deuterium-Deuterium and Deuterium-Tritium JET plasma sources. The results of the calculations showed that satisfactory counting statistics can be obtained with the use of activation detectors and therefore activation analysis offers an unbiased and robust cross-benchmarking tool for comparison against other experimental and computation techniques applied in neutron streaming studies at JET

preparation of activation experiments for iter material characterization and data validation in the deuterium tritium jet campaign

The levels of induced activity in samples of ITER materials and dosimetry foils to be irradiated during the planned JET campaign with deuterium-tritium (D-T) plasma were predicted. Calculations were performed for the neutron energy spectrum of the JET internal Long Term Irradiation Station (LTIS). The European Activation System (EASY-II) and the EAF-2010 nuclear data library were used in order to estimate specific activity and dose rates as a function of time after the end of irradiation. The results of the study provide important data for comparison against activation measurements and support the planning of the irradiation, measurement and radiation protection procedures to be implemented in the planned JET activation experiment