Measurement and PC-SAFT modeling of solid-liquid equilibrium of deep eutectic solvents of quaternary ammonium chlorides and carboxylic acids

In this study the solid-liquid equilibria (SLE) of 15 binary mixtures composed of one of three different symmetrical quaternary ammonium chlorides and one of five different fatty acids were measured. The experimental data obtained showed extreme negative deviations to ideality causing large melting-temperature depressions (up to 300 K) that are characteristic for deep eutectic systems. The experimental data revealed that cross-interactions between quaternary ammonium salt and fatty acid increase with increasing alkyl chain length of the quaternary ammonium chloride and with increasing chain length of the carboxylic acid. The pronounced decrease of melting temperatures in these deep eutectic systems is mainly caused by strong hydrogen-bonding interactions, and thermodynamic modeling required an approach that takes hydrogen bonding into account. Thus, the measured phase diagrams were modeled with perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory based on the classical molecular homonuclear approach. The model showed very good agreement with the experimental data using a semi-predictive modeling approach, in which binary interaction parameters between quaternary ammonium chloride and carboxylic acid correlated with chain length of the components. This supports the experimental findings on the phase behavior and interactions present in these systems and it allows estimating eutectic points of such highly non-ideal mixtures.This work was developed in the scope of the project CICECO e Aveiro Institute of Materials, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007679 (Ref. FCT UID/CTM/50011/2013) and LSRE-LCM, POCI-01-0145- FEDER-006984jUID/EQU/50020/2013, financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC and when appropriate co-financed by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement. M.A.R.M acknowledges FCT for her PhD grant (SFRH/BD/87084/2012). FCT is also acknowledged for funding the project DeepBiorefinery (PTDC/AGRTEC/ 1191/2014). P.V.A.P., G.J.M., M.D.H. and E.A.C.B thank the national funding agencies CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) (305870/2014-9, 309780/2014, 406856/2013-3), FAPESP (Research Support Foundation of the State of S~ao Paulo) (2014/21252-0, 2016/08566-1), FAEPEX/UNICAMP (Fund for Research, Teaching, and Extension) (0125/16) and CAPES (Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel) for financial support and scholarships. E.A.C thanks Erasmusþ program of the European Union for co-funding.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Tunable Hydrophobic Eutectic Solvents Based on Terpenes and Monocarboxylic Acids

Recently, some works claim that hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents could be prepared based on menthol and monocarboxylic acids. Despite of some promising potential applications, these systems were poorly understood, and this work addresses this issue. Here, the characterization of eutectic solvents composed of the terpenes thymol or l(-)-menthol and monocarboxylic acids is studied aiming the design of these solvents. Their solid-liquid phase diagrams were measured by differential scanning calorimetry in the whole composition range, showing that a broader composition range, and not only fixed stoichiometric proportions, can be used as solvents at low temperatures. Additionally, solvent densities and viscosities close to the eutectic compositions were measured, showing low viscosity and lower density than water. The solvatochromic parameters at the eutectic composition were also investigated aiming at better understanding their polarity. The high acidity is mainly provided by the presence of thymol in the mixture, while l(-)-menthol plays the major role on the hydrogen-bond basicity. The measured mutual solubilities with water attest to the hydrophobic character of the mixtures investigated. The experimental solid-liquid phase diagrams were described using the PC-SAFT equation of state that is shown to accurately describe the experimental data and quantify the small deviations from ideality.This work was developed in the scope of the project CICECO − Aveiro Institute of Materials, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007679 (ref. FCT UID/CTM/50011/2013) and Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006984 (ref. FCT UID/ EQU/50020/2013), both financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC and when appropriate cofinanced by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement. This work is also a result of project “AIProcMat@N2020 − Advanced Industrial Processes and Materials for a Sustainable Northern Region of Portugal 2020”, with the reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000006, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). M.A.R.M acknowledges FCT for her Ph.D. grant (SFRH/BD/87084/2012). FCT is also acknowledged for funding the project DeepBiorefinery (PTDC/AGRTEC/1191/2014). P.V.A.P. and G.J.M. thank the national funding agencies CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) (305870/2014-9, 309780/2014-4, 140702/2017-2, 406918/2016-3, 406963/ 2016-9), FAPESP (Research Support Foundation of the State of Sao Paulo) (2014/21252-0, 2016/08566-1), FAEPEX/ UNICAMP (Fund for Research, Teaching, and Extension) (0125/16), and CAPES (Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel) for financial support and scholarships. E.A.C thanks FCT for the Ph.D. grant SFRH/BD/130870/ 2017. C.H. acknowledges financial support from Max − Buchner Research Foundation and from German Science Foundation (DFG) HE 7165/7-1.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Imunogenicidade de isolados de herpesvírus bovino 5 como candidatos à vacina Immunogenicity of bovine herpesvirus 5 isolates as vaccine candidates

O herpesvírus bovino 5 (BoHV-5) é o agente da menigoencefalite herpética bovina. A doença neurológica, associada à infecção pelo BoHV-5, apresenta altas taxas de letalidade em bovinos jovens e está disseminada no Brasil. A prevenção das perdas causadas pela infecção pelo herpesvírus está baseada, principalmente, na imunização dos animais. Nesse sentido, foi delineada uma comparação entre isolados de BoHV-5, buscando selecionar o isolado mais antigênico para a formulação de vacinas. As formulações inativadas foram produzidas com os isolados ISO9898292, SV507, SV163, 1807 e EVI145 e administradas a cinco grupos de 10 ovelhas cada, que receberam duas doses vacinais por via intramuscular com intervalo de 21 dias. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue para análise de presença de anticorpos por soroneutralização e acompanhamento dos animais até o 63&deg; dia após a primo-vacinação. Foram observados dois picos na curva de anticorpos, o primeiro no dia 14, após a vacinação, quando os títulos médios de anticorpos variaram entre 23,1 e 138,6. O segundo pico foi observado 14 dias após a revacinação, quando os títulos médios variaram entre 301,3 e 1017,5. No 42&deg; dia após a revacinação, foi observada variação de título entre 82,4 e 305,9. A diferença entre as médias de títulos de anticorpos de cada grupo de animais sugere uma menor antigenicidade do isolado ISO9898292 em relação aos demais, demonstrando uma possível variação antigênica entre os isolados. Todos os isolados, com exceção do ISO9898292, mostraram-se imunogênicos para a indução de anticorpos.<br>Herpesvirus bovine 5 (BoHV-5) is the agent of bovine herpetic menigoencephalitis. The neurological disease associated with the infection is highly lethal in young cattle and it is widespread in Brazil. Control of the clinical signs caused by herpesviruses is based mainly on the immunization of cattle. A comparative study was performed among Brazilian BoHV-5 isolates to select the more antigenic virus. Inactivated vaccines were formulated using isolates ISO9898292, SV507, SV163, 1807 and EVI145 and administered to five groups of 10 sheep, each animal receiving two intramuscular doses with a 21 days interval. Blood collection for serology by virusneutralization were performed until the 63rd day after the first vaccination, two peaks in the curve of antibodies were observed, the first on day 14, ranged from 23.l to 138.6. The second peak was observed 14 days after the booster, and ranged from 301.3 to 1017.5. In the 42nd day after the booster, it was observed a titer variation from 82.4 to 305.9. The differences among antibody titers of each group of suggests a lower antigenicity of isolate ISO9898292 in comparison with the others, demonstrating a possible antigenic variation among the isolates. Thus, all isolates, with exception of ISO9898292, were immunogenic for the induction of neutralizing antibodies

Metabolismo do fósforo em eqüinos. 2. Efeitos de diferentes níveis de fósforo dietético Phosphorus metabolism in horses. 2. Effects of different dietary phosphorus levels

Objetivou-se ajustar modelos biomatemáticos ao metabolismo e à cinética do fósforo e determinar a absorção real e disponibilidade biológica do fósforo, em dietas de eqüinos, contendo diferentes níveis de suplementação de fósforo do fosfato bicálcico, utilizando-se o modelo, determinístico e compartimental, adaptado de Aubert e Milhaud, em que o trato gastrintestinal, os ossos e tecidos moles, em conjunto, representaram os compartimentos, em fluxo bidirecional com o sangue. Foram utilizadas informações sobre estudo de metabolismo e cinética do P em tecidos obtidas pela técnica da diluição isotópica. Constatou-se que os níveis de P dietéticos não influenciam as trocas desse mineral entre o sangue e o trato digestivo; a deposição de P nos ossos e tecidos moles tendem a aumentar com a elevação dos níveis de P, ocorrendo o inverso com a solubilização; a absorção real, o P excretado nas fezes e o balanço de P nos ossos e tecidos moles, em eqüinos, são positivamente relacionados com os níveis de P dietéticos do fosfato bicálcico; o incremento do P em dietas suplementadas com fosfato bicálcico não interfere na disponibilidade biológica desse mineral em eqüinos.<br>This experiment was designed to adjust the biomathematical models of the phosphorus (P) flow between the physiologic or anatomical compartments of horses and to evaluate the P absorption and availability in horses, fed diets with different P levels from dicalcium phosphate. The model, deterministic and compartimental, was adapted of Aubert and Milhaud, in which the digestive tract and the bone and soft tissues represented the compartments in bi-directional flow with the blood. The informations on metabolism and kinetic of P in tissues obtained by the isotopic dilution technique were used. It was verified that the P levels from diets don't influence the changes of P between the blood and digestive tract; the P accretion in the bones and soft tissues tend to increase with the elevation of the levels of P, happening the inverse with the P re-sorption; the true absorption and P excreted in the feces and P balance in the bone and soft tissues in horse are positively related with the P dietary levels from dicalcium phosphate; the increase of supplemental P in diets containing dicalcium phosphate does not interfere in the P biological availability in horse