474 research outputs found
Gain and noise spectral density in an electronic parametric amplifier with added white noise
In this paper, we discuss the behavior of a linear classical parametric
amplifier (PA) in the presence of white noise and give theoretical estimates of
the noise spectral density based on approximate Green's functions obtained by
using averaging techniques. Furthermore, we give analytical estimates for
parametric amplification bandwidth of the amplifier and for the noisy
precursors to instability. To validate our theory we compare the analytical
results with experimental data obtained in an analog circuit. We describe the
implementation details and the setup used in the experimental study of the
amplifier. Near the threshold to the first parametric instability, and in
degenerate-mode amplification, the PA achieved very high gains in a very narrow
bandwidth centered on its resonance frequency. In quasi-degenerate mode
amplification, we obtained lower values of gain, but with a wider bandwidth
that is tunable. The experimental data were accurately described by the
predictions of the model. Moreover, we noticed spectral components in the
output signal of the amplifier which are due to noise precursors of
instability. The position, width, and magnitude of these components are in
agreement with the noise spectral density obtained by the theory proposed here
Heating and thermal squeezing in parametrically-driven oscillators with added noise
In this paper we report a theoretical model based on Green functions, Floquet
theory and averaging techniques up to second order that describes the dynamics
of parametrically-driven oscillators with added thermal noise. Quantitative
estimates for heating and quadrature thermal noise squeezing near and below the
transition line of the first parametric instability zone of the oscillator are
given. Furthermore, we give an intuitive explanation as to why heating and
thermal squeezing occur. For small amplitudes of the parametric pump the
Floquet multipliers are complex conjugate of each other with a constant
magnitude. As the pump amplitude is increased past a threshold value in the
stable zone near the first parametric instability, the two Floquet multipliers
become real and have different magnitudes. This creates two different effective
dissipation rates (one smaller and the other larger than the real dissipation
rate) along the stable manifolds of the first-return Poincare map. We also show
that the statistical average of the input power due to thermal noise is
constant and independent of the pump amplitude and frequency. The combination
of these effects cause most of heating and thermal squeezing. Very good
agreement between analytical and numerical estimates of the thermal
fluctuations is achieved.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. E, 29 pages, 12 figures. arXiv admin note:
substantial text overlap with arXiv:1108.484
Amplification in parametrically-driven resonators near instability based on Floquet theory and Green's functions
Here we use Floquet theory to calculate the response of parametrically-driven
time-periodic systems near the onset of parametric instability to an added
external ac signal or white noise. We provide new estimates, based on the
Green's function method, for the response of the system in the frequency
domain. Furthermore, we write novel expressions for the power and the noise
spectral densities. We validate our theoretical results by comparing our
predictions for the specific cases of a single degree of freedom parametric
amplifier and of the parametric amplifier coupled to a harmonic oscillator with
the numerical integration results and with analytical approximate results
obtained via the averaging method up to second order.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure
Signal to noise ratio in parametrically-driven oscillators
Here we report a theoretical model based on Green's functions and averaging
techniques that gives ana- lytical estimates to the signal to noise ratio (SNR)
near the first parametric instability zone in parametrically- driven
oscillators in the presence of added ac drive and added thermal noise. The
signal term is given by the response of the parametrically-driven oscillator to
the added ac drive, while the noise term has two dif- ferent measures: one is
dc and the other is ac. The dc measure of noise is given by a time-average of
the statistically-averaged fluctuations of the position of the parametric
oscillator due to thermal noise. The ac measure of noise is given by the
amplitude of the statistically-averaged fluctuations at the frequency of the
parametric pump. We observe a strong dependence of the SNR on the phase between
the external drive and the parametric pump, for some range of the phase there
is a high SNR, while for other values of phase the SNR remains flat or
decreases with increasing pump amplitude. Very good agreement between
analytical estimates and numerical results is achieved.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev.
MÉTRICAS DA PAISAGEM NA CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA EVOLUÇÃO DA OCUPAÇÃO DA AMAZÔNIA
Land use and land cover change in the tropics has severe impact on the environment. Landscape metrics had been used for land use and land cover change characterization. This work had the objective of characterizing the evolution of the landscape of an area of the center-eastern of the State of Pará, from 1973 to 1997, based on landscape metrics calculated by using a specific software. A drastic decrease of the forest area was observed, accompanied by a significant increase of the pasture areas. The number of patches of the study area increased, while the medium size of the patches of the landscape decreased. The edge density also presented a great increase. The average distance between nearest neighbors did not vary much for the forest class along the years, however, it was observed a decrease in the average distance between pasture patches. Only 5% of the forest area were located over 500 m far from a border, in 1997, what indicates an intense degradation of the forest in the studied area.
Key words: Landscape Ecology, Land Use and Land Cover Change, Amazonia, Remote Sensing.As mudanças de uso e cobertura da terra nos trópicos resultam em vários impactos sobre o meio-ambiente. Uma forma de caracterizar mudanças de uso e cobertura da terra é utilizando-se métricas da paisagem. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a evolução da paisagem de uma área do centro-leste do Estado do Pará, no período de 1973 a 1997, utilizado-se métricas da paisagem calculadas através de software específico. Observou-se uma diminuição drástica da área de floresta, acompanhada por um aumento significativo das áreas de pastagem. O número de manchas da área de estudo aumentou, enquanto que o tamanho médio das manchas da paisagem diminuiu. A densidade de bordas também apresentou um grande aumento. A distância média entre vizinhos mais próximos, ao longo dos anos, não apresentou uma grande variação para a classe floresta, tendo sido, contudo, observada uma diminuição da distância média entre as manchas de pasto no período estudado. Apenas 5% da área de floresta encontrava-se a mais de 500 m de uma borda, no ano de 1997, o que implica numa intensa degradação da floresta na área estudada.
Palavras chave: Ecologia da Paisagem, Mudança de Uso e Cobertura da Terra, Amazônia, Sensoriamento Remoto
Brazilian Federal District cocaine chemical profiling : mass balance approach and new adulterant routinely quantified (Aminopyrine)
From a set of 159 samples seized by Brazilian Federal police between 2010 to 2013 in the Federal District, the major component chemical profiling routine analyses revealed the presence of cocaine with purity range of 5.5 to 99.9% (mean 69.8%). Most cocaine base samples show moderately and not oxidized levels, whereas cocaine hydrochloride samples exhibit moderate to high oxidation degrees. More than 40% of the analyzed samples did not have any adulterant. Phenacetin was the most abundant adulterant (24% average purity). Aminopyrine, a new adulterant, was identified and quantified only in cocaine base samples, mainly as a trace adulterant but also as a major compound. In most samples adulterated with aminopyrine, phenacetin was also identified as a major adulterant, suggesting a possible association of the two pharmaceuticals in the cutting process. Aminopyrine was not detected in 2010 seizures, but became a common adulterant throughout the years of 2011 to 2013. A mass balance approach analysis also established that adulterants are responsible for only 12% of the mass of all seizures (i.e., 84 kg), whereas 77% (i.e., 553 kg) is due to alkaloids (cocaine and cis/trans-cinnamoylcocaine), contributing to provide forensic intelligence information to police investigators
Sources, background and enrichment of lead and other elements: Lower Guadiana River
The lower sector of the Guadiana River Basin, located in southern Portugal and Spain, hosts soils and plants
with elevated Pb, Cu and As near former and current mining sites. Two geogenic and two anthropogenic
sources of Pb were identified where elevated concentrations are mostly related to the occurrence of
sulphide-rich ore deposits, Volcanic Sedimentary formations and mining. These were generally reflected by
the multiple regression analysis (MRA) and confirmed by isotope determinations. Nevertheless, caution
was needed in interpreting statistical and isotopic results; therefore the combination of both techniques
was important. Elements, such as Ca, Na, Cu and As, show enrichment in soil developed on shale, sandstone
and conglomerate of Upper Devonian age belonging to the Phyllite-Quartzite Group. Lead exhibits an enrichment
in soil developed on felsic volcanic rocks from the Volcanic Sedimentary Complex (VSC) of Upper
Devonian-Lower Carboniferous age, which has been identified by the relationship between topsoil median
values of different lithologies and grand subsoil median values. In the same soil, Fe, As, Co, Ni and Cr are depleted.
Translocation of Pb to the aerial parts of plants is insignificant in all three plant species studied and
analysed (Cistus ladanifer L., Thymus vulgaris, Lavandula luisieri). High Pb concentrations in soil, where Cistus
ladanifer L. developed, the only representative number of species analysed, do not correspond generally to
elevated Pb contents in plants, except near mine sites, where lower pH of soil, increases Pb bioavailability.
The different statistical methodologies combined with Pb isotopic studies were successfully applied in the
identification of Pb sources in soil and Cistus ladanifer L. plant of the Lower sector of Guadiana River basin.
Therefore, rocks, mineralisations, subsoil, topsoil and plant processes were successfully integrated to understand
the migration of Pb into the food chai
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