TURATEA WEDANG INSTANT; INOVASI PEMANFAATAN POTENSI LOKAL POHON LONTARA DALAM MENGATASI DAERAH 3T (TERTINGGAL, TERDEPAN DAN TERLUAR) DI KABUPATEN JENEPONTO

Kabupaten Jeneponto dikenal sebagai penghasil air nira pohon lontara di Sulawesi Selatan dan tidak sedikit dari masyarakatnya yang penghasilannya berasal dari mengelola air nira pohon lontara.  Kebanyakan masyarakat Kabupaten Jeneponto hanya mengelola buah lontara dengan cara mengupas kulitnya, memotong daging buah dan mengemasnya dalam kantong plastik. Cara pengemasan tersebut tidak menjamin daya tahan lama produk dan hanya akan merugikan penjual. Karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut dengan meningkatkan pemanfaatan pohon lontara di Kabupaten Jeneponto sebagai salah satu potensi lokal yang kurang dimanfaatkan keberadaanya melalui produk berbentuk minuman dalam bentuk kemasan instan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian pustaka (library research) yang bersifat deskriptif dengan objek tulisan yaitu masyarakat khususnya remaja sebagai generasi penerus bangsa yang dituntut untuk mengembangkan dan memanfaatkan potensi lokal yang ada di setiap daerah sehingga menjadi sebuah produk andalan atau menjadi ciri khas dari daerah Jeneponto. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi dan dokumentasi sedangkan teknik analisis data yang digunakan menurut Miles Huberman terdiri dari tiga tahap yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Turatea Wedang Instantt merupakan produk yang di buat untuk pemanfaatan potensi lokal daerah Kabupaten Jeneponto yaitu buah lontara yang di buat menjadi sebuah minuman serbuk yang dikemas dengan lebih menarik sehingga dapat menarik perhatian konsumen dan dapat meningkatkan nilai jual buah lontara yang sangat melimpah di Kabupaten Jeneponto. Bahan-bahan untuk membuat Turatea Wedang Instantt yaitu air nira, jahe, air, gula pasir, garam dan daun pandan. Turatea Wedang Instantt akan dipasarkan dan menjadi minuman khas dari Jeneponto serta dikenal secara lokal maupun internasional. Kata Kunci: Daerah 3T (Tertinggal, Terdepan, Terluar), Pohon Lontara, Turatea Wedang Instant

Two novel mutations of pfdhps K540T and I588F, affecting sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant response in uncomplicated falciparum malaria at Banjar district, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Background: Mutations in pfdhfr and pfdhps genes have been shown to associate with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. However, pfdhfr, pfdhps genotypes and the correlations to SP treatment outcome in Indonesia has not yet been well analysed. Methods. After obtaining informed consent, 61 uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients were recruited in Banjar district, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, from October 2009 to August 2010. They were treated by a single oral dose of SP and its effects on clinical and parasitological status were followed until day 28 after treatment. Occasionally, a thick smear blood film for microscopy observation and blood spot on a filter paper for pfdhfr and pfdhps genotype analysis were collected. Results: Pfdhfr and pfdhps genotypes from 24 P. falciparum-infected patients consisting of adequate clinical parasitological response (ACPR) (n = 6; 25.0%) and early treatment failure (ETF) (n = 10; 41.7%) or late parasitological failure (LPF) (n = 8; 33.3%) were obtained by sequencing. Two novel mutations of pfdhps gene, K540T and I588F, were determined in ten and five isolates, respectively. These mutations were present in the pfdhfr/pfdhps combined haplotypes of ANRNI/SGTGA (n = 6), ANRNL/SGTGA (n = 4), and ANRNI/SGEAA(588F) (n = 5), (mutation codons are bold typed); these haplotypes were mostly belonging to parasitological failure (ETF or LPF). The parasites acquiring five mutations in pfdhfr/pfdhps haplotypes and four mutations with additional I588F did not respond adequately to SP treatment. Conclusion: Many of Plasmodium falciparum infected patients in Banjar district, South Kalimantan, Indonesia did not respond adequately to SP treatment and these low ineffectiveness of SP in this area was associated with two novel mutations of pfdhps, K540T and I588F

Polymorphism of Plasmodium Falciparum Dihydrofolate Reductase and Dihydropteroate Synthase Genes Among Pregnant Women with Falciparum Malaria in Banjar District, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Pregnant women are highly vulnerable to malaria infection in its endemic areas, particularly infection by Plasmodium falciparum that can cause premature, low birth weight, severe anemia in pregnant women, and death. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) for Intermittent Preventive Treatment for pregnant (IPTp) is used for malaria control in pregnancy recommended by the World Health Organization that has already been implemented in Africa. The P. falciparum resistance to SP has been reported in several malarial endemic areas, and mutations in the genes of Plasmodium falciparum Dihydrofolate Reductase (Pfdhfr) and Dihydropteroate Synthase (Pfdhps) are shown to be associated with parasite resistance to SP treatment. Genetic analysis of Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes in pregnant women infected with P. falciparum has not yet been examined in Indonesia. The cross-sectional study was conducted at two subdistricts, Sungai Pinang and Peramasan, in Banjar district of South Kalimantan Province, where 127 pregnant women were recruited from 2008 to April 2010. Two important mutations in Pfdhfr gene (amino acid positions at N51 and S108) and three in Pfdhps gene (A437, K540 and A581) were analyzed by nested PCR-RFLP method. All of the seven pregnant women samples infected with P. falciparum presented PfDHFR 108N and PfDHPS 437G mutations. One of the samples had the additional mutation at PfDHPS 540, in which Lys is substituted by Glu. These results suggested that P. falciparum might present only some resistance to SP at Sungai Pinang and Peramasan subdistricts, Banjar District, South Kalimantan province, Indonesia. Although there were limited number of samples, this study showed only few mutations of Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes in P. falciparum at Banjar district, South Kalimantan Province, that suggests SP might be effective for IPTp in this area. Thus, further analysis of the other mutation sites in Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes and in vivo efficacy study of SP with more sufficient sample numbers will be necessary to confirm this preliminarily result

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 +49A/G polymorphism in Down syndrome children with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Thyroid dysfunction is the most common endocrine disorder in Down syndrome (DS) children. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is one of the immune regulatory genes that correlates with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). However, studies on CTLA-4 +49A/G in DS children with HT are still limited. We aimed to evaluate CTLA-4 +49A/G gene polymorphism in DS children with HT. This case-control study, conducted from February 2020 to February 2022 at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, enrolled 40 DS children with HT and 50 healthy children. The DNA sequencing was performed to identify the polymorphism (Sanger sequencing). Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mean age of DS children with HT was 1.78 years. Males predominated in the study population. Subjects with GG genotype were diagnosed earliest with hypothyroidism (8 months) compared with other studies. The most common thyroid dysfunction was central hypothyroidism, with TgAb positivity present in all patients. The AA genotype (odds ratio [OR] 0.265, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.094–0.746; P = 0.012) and A allele (OR 0.472, 95% CI 0.309–0.721; P = 0.0002) were significantly more frequent in the control group. The AG genotype (OR 2.65, 95% CI 0.094–0.746; P = 0.003) and G allele (OR 2.116, 95% CI 1.386–3.23; P = 0.003) were more frequent in the DS with HT group. The age of the subjects in this study was younger than in previous studies. The AG genotype and the G allele were more prevalent in the DS with HT group and may be a risk factor in HT development in DS children. Furthermore, the AA genotype may act as a protective factor against HT in DS children

Breeding Preference and Bionomics of Anopheles spp. At the Malarial Endemic Area, Runut Village, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

Abstract Introduction: Anopheles mosquito is transmitting malaria, one of the health problems in Indonesia. Understanding Anopheles mosquito behaviour and its breeding preference is one of the crucial keys to prevent malaria transmission. This study aimed to identify the breeding place distribution and bionomics of Anopheles spp. in Runut village, Sikka district, East Nusa Tenggara. Methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted in Runut village, Waigete sub- district, in April 2018. Anopheles spp. larvae were collected in 7 suspected breeding places consisting of 2 rice fields, 3 fish ponds, and 2 puddles. Mosquitos behaviour was observed using bed-net traps located inside and outside the house from 7.15 PM to 1.15 AM after obtaining informed consent. Mosquito collection using bed-net trap were performed for 40 minutes then followed by resting mosquito collection for 10 minutes. Results: Anopheles spp. larvae were found in most of the suspected aquatic habitats, presenting different densities and together with larvae of the other mosquito species. Relatively high number of Anopheles spp. larvae was obtained from a puddle. Only one female mosquito of Anopheles spp. resting on the wall inside house was found around 00.55 – 01.05 AM and resulted in low mosquito density determination. Conclusion: Anopheles spp. larvae were harbouring in most of the aquatic habitats and one puddle contained moderately abundant larvae of Anopheles in Runut village, Sikka district, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Even only one Anopheles spp. mosquito was detected inside the house, residents in Runut village should regular use insecticide-treated bed nets and continuous observation of mosquito breeding places especially puddles to prevent malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases

COMPARISON OF MULTIPLEX SINGLE ROUND PCR AND MICROSCOPY IN DIAGNOSIS OF AMOEBIASIS

Background: Amoebiasis, the cause of dysentery and extra-intestinal abscesses, now becomes second fatal parasitic disease in the world. As routine microscopic diagnosis cannot differentiate causative Entamoeba histolytica from non-pathogenic E. dispar and E. moshkovskii, better diagnosis has to be searched. Materials and Methods: Multiplex single round PCR was tested and compared with results of microscopy of wet preparation on 30 samples of diarrheic stools and extra intestinal lesions from amoebiasis suspected patients. Results: Microscopy examination showed that 21 (70%) of the samples were positive for E. histolytica/E. dispar/E. moshkovskii complex and 18 (86%) of them contained hematophagous trophozoites. Multiplex single round PCR showed 12 positive results, from which seven were positive for E. histolytica, two were positive for E. moshkovskii, and three showed mixed of E. histolytica and E. moshkovskii. No samples were positive for E. dispar. High positive rate of microscopy might be related with highly suspected amoebiasis cases, while lower positive PCR might be caused by low parasite density and time-related trophozoite disintegration. Conclusion: The study showed that multiplex single-round PCR is a valuable diagnostic tool for species differentiation, but cannot replace microscopy in the diagnosis of amoebiasis because of its low sensitivity and impossibility to discriminate the form of E. histolytica and whether it is in the disease-causing stage, while microscopic examination is capable to demonstrate the presence of hematophagous trophozoites that indicates it is invasive and at the disease-causing stage of E. histolytica

VARIASI GENETIK PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE DAN DIHYDROPTEROATE SYNTHETASE SERTA IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PENGOBATAN SULFADOKSIN-PIRIMETAMIN DI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) is still used in local area for malaria treatment in Indonesia. However, the genetic variations of pfdhfr, pfdhps and their correlations to SP treatment outcomes in Indonesia have not yet been well analyzed. In this dissertation, sequence polymorphisms of pfdhfr and pfdhps genes, and these correlations to SP treatment outcome were conducted in Banjar district, South Kalimantan. Three different alleles were determined in pfdhfr and six in pfdhps genes, both of which present simple accumulation patterns of mutation genotypes and support the stepwise mechanism of resistant gene evolution hypothesis. Two novel mutations of pfdhps, K540T and I588F, were determined in this area and these were correlated with low efficacy of SP treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Combined haplotypes pfdhfr/pfdhps containing either K540T or I588F in pfdhps showed that ANRNL/SGTGA tended to the early treatment failure and ANRNI/SGTGA and ANRNI/SGEAA (588F) tended to the late parasitological failure response parasites (containing equal or more than five mutations in pfdhfr/pfdhps haplotype, genotype marker of SP resistance). According to molecular modeling studies by de Beer T.A. et al and Lumb V. et al, K540 of PfDHPS is important for hydrogen bond formation with methoxy chain of sulfadoxine and mutations to neutral or acidic amino acids in this position decreased binding affinity to the drug. It suggested that two novel mutations of K540T and I588F in pfdhps can be used for a marker of P. falciparum resistant-SP and for monitoring SP resistance in several regions in Indonesia where SP resistant parasites have not been reported yet

Prevalence Of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Among Elementary Children In Sorong District, West Papua

Soil transmitted helminthiasis are common in the world and cause illness, especially in developing countries. It can cause infection in humans by contact with parasitic eggs or larvae that live in moist and warm soil. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis is often caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Necator americanus. In Indonesia, Soil transmitted helminthiasis prevalence is still high in some places. The tropical climate and high humidity support for the development of worms like in Sorong District, but there was no data. The purpose of this study is to identify the presece of Soil transmitted helminthiasis in primary school children in Sorong District. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two elementary schools located in Sorong District, West Papua, Indonesia. The two elementary schools are SDN 22 in Klain village and SD Inpres 24 in sub-district Mayamuk. Once collected, the pot that has contained stool is given formalin 10%. Stool examinattion using direct smear method to determine the presence of soil transmitted helminthiasis. Researchers get the subject as many as 147 children. The proportion of elementary school children by sex consists of 72 boys (49%) and 75 girls (51%). The prevalence of Soil transmitted helminthiasis as a whole was 30.6% (45/147) with 40.1% (18/45) single infections and 59.9% (27/45) mixed infections. The single infection that most frequent is Trichuris trichiura, then followed by Ascaris lumbricoides. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis mostly found in girl than boy and mostly found in 6-9 years age group. The worm species that infect elementary school children in the district is Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Hookworm, and Strongyloides stercoralis. This is probably related with the climate and low sanitation level. To eliminate soil transmitted helminthiasis among elementary school children, in addition to routine treatment also needs intensive counseling about the importance of maintaining personal hygiene and the environment

Efikasi Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine in vivo dan polimorfisme gen Plasmodium falciparum-Dihydrofo/ate Reductase dan Dihydropteroate Synthase dl Sel Pinang, Kabupaten Banjar Baru, Kalimantan Salatan

Malaria adalah penyakit infeksi parasit yang masih sebagai masalah Kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia terutama di luar Jawa-Bali, berefek menurunkan kualitas sumber daya manusia yang menyebabkan menurunnya produktifitas sosial dan ekonomi yang pada akhimya berdampak pada ketahanan dan keamanan naslona!. Resistensi obat malaria merupakan kendala dalam pengendalian malaria dewasa ini. Penelitian malaria sangat dibutuhkan guna memberikan informasi berbasis kejadian terhadap program. Sulfadoxine Pyrimethamine adalah obat malaria lini kedua, sebagai obat pencegahan malaria, dan sebagai obat pencegahan malaria pada ibu hamil, yang dewasa ini diketahui adanya peningkatan resistensi dalam pengobatan falciparum malaria di beberapa Negara Asia dan Afrika. Kurangnya informasi adanya resistensi obat SP dalam penatalaksana pengobatan falciparum malaria di Indonesia, maka penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan memberikan masukan terhadap program pengendalian malaria khususnya di Indonesia berbasis kejadian yang ada di daerah endemis malaria, dengan menggunakan metode: uji efikasi SP in vivo dan dalam kaitannya dengan polimorfisme gen Plasmodium falciparum-dihydropteroate synthase dan Plasmodium falciparum-dihydrofolate reductase di daerah endemis malaria, Sel Pinang, Kebupaten Banjar Baru, Kalimantan Selatan. Diketemukan 2 penderita malaria falciparum dan vivax (mixed infection) pada bulan Oktober 2009. Setelah 7 hari pengobatan, masih terdapat parasit malaria pada sediaan tetes tebal darah kedua penderita dan satu penderita terdapat parasit malaria pada sediaan tetes tebal darah pada hari ke- 28 setelah pengobatan. Dari hasil sementara yang didapat menunjukkan kemungkinan adanya resistensi SP di daerah ini. Pemeriksaan molekuler akan dilaksanakan segera setelah reagen pemeriksaan yang dipesan tersedia. Pelaksanaan pengumpulan sampel masih berlangsun