Kajian Yuridis Unsur Tindak Pidana Pencurian dengan Kekerasan

Tindak pidana pencurian dengan kekerasan cukup tinggi terjadi di Indonesia. Sungguhpun demikian pemahaman masyarakat terhadap jenis kejahatan ini nampaknya bervariasi. Terakhir muncul istilah begal untuk menyebut kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan kekeraan. Sebenarnya Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) sudah mengatur tentang pencurian dengan kekerasan. Agar diperoleh pemahaman yang sama tentang pencurian dengan kekerasan, maka persoalan ini perlu dikaji dengan melihat kembali aturan hukum yang ada (KUHP). Atas dasar ini maka penelitian dengan judul: “Kajian Yuridis Unsur Tindak Pidana Pencurian dengan Kekerasan” menjadi penting untuk dilakukan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif atau disebut juga dengan penelitian yuridis normatif atau dapat disebut dengan penelitian normatif. Untuk itu yang diteliti adalah unsur-unsur tindak pidana pencurian dengan kekerasan sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 365 KUHP, artinya yang dikaji adalah norma-norma yang terkait dengan kejahatan dengan kekerasan. Sebagai penelitian preskriptif, penelitian ini mempelajari tujuan mengenai formulasi Pasal 365 KUHP. Penelitian ini membutuhkan bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan jika perlu bahan non hukum/tersier. Bahan hukum primer yang dibutuhkan berasal dari KUHP dan yurisprudensi. Bahan hukum sekunder berasal dari referensi berupa: buku literatur, jurnal, artikel ilmiah, dan literatur lainnya yang dapat digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Dalam pembahasan penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan: “undang-undang, konseptual dan kasus”. Sedangkan analisa, dilakukan dengan pendekatan deduktif dan melalui penafsiran analogi. Pendekatan deduktif adalah bertolak dari pengertian bahwa sesuatu yang berlaku bagi keseluruhan peristiwa atau kelompok/jenis, berlaku juga bagi tiap-tiap unsur di dalam peristiwa kelompok/jenis tersebut. Cara berpikirnya adalah silogisme. Pendekatan analogi menggunakan cara berpikir satu atau sejumlah peristiwa menuju pada satu peristiwa sejenis yang diantaranya mengandung kesamaan prinsipil. Proses yang digunakan dalam analisa adalah mencari persamaan pokok, di antara satu fenomena atau gejala dengan fenomena atau gejalan yang lain. Untuk tindak pidana pencurian dengan kekerasan adalah suatu keharusan adanya kesatuan waktu antara pencurian dengan kekerasan. Artinya bahwa kekerasan dilakukakan dengan maksud untuk mempersiapkan, mempermudah atau memperlancar tindak pidana pencurian atau untuk memungkinkan melarikan diri dalam hal tertangkap tangan atau untuk tetap menguasai barang yang dicuri. Kekerasan dalam pengertian menurut Pasal 365 KUHP adalah dalam bentuk: “pencurian dilakukan pada waktu malam dalam sebuah rumah atau perkarangan tertutup yang ada rumahnya, dijalan umum, atau dalam kereta api atau trem yang sedang berjalan. Pencurian dilakukan oleh dua orang atau lebih dengan bersekutu, pencurian dilakukan dengan masuk ketempat melakukan kejahatan dengan merusak atau memanjat atau dengan memakai anak kunci palsu, perintah palsu atau pakaian jabatan palsu, atau jika perbuatan pencurian mengakibatkan luka-luka berat, kematian

Dampak Penerapan Sucre terhadap Perekonomian Venezuela

This article describes the effective application of Sucre, as Latin American regional currencies in ALBA, and its impact on the Venezuelan economy. This study uses primary data collected by interviews and secondary data gathered by studying document obtained from the official website of ALBA, financial institutions in Latin American countries as well as website for analysis about Latin America. The results showed that the presence of Sucre on the economy of Venezuela is less effective at improving economy of Venezuela. This is caused partly because ALBA is ineffective in promoting Sucre to all its member states and strong counter-opinions made by United States towards ALBA

The M Dwarf GJ 436 and its Neptune-Mass Planet

We determine stellar parameters for the M dwarf GJ 436 that hosts a Neptune-mass planet. We employ primarily spectral modeling at low and high resolution, examining the agreement between model and observed optical spectra of five comparison stars of type, M0-M3. Modeling high resolution optical spectra suffers from uncertainties in TiO transitions, affecting the predicted strengths of both atomic and molecular lines in M dwarfs. The determination of Teff, gravity, and metallicity from optical spectra remains at ~10%. As molecules provide opacity both in lines and as an effective continuum, determing molecular transition parameters remains a challenge facing models such as the PHOENIX series, best verified with high resolution and spectrophotometric spectra. Our analysis of GJ 436 yields an effective temperature of Teff = 3350 +/- 300 K and a mass of 0.44 Msun. New Doppler measurements for GJ 436 with a precision of 3 m/s taken during 6 years improve the Keplerian model of the planet, giving a minimum mass, M sin i = 0.0713 Mjup = 22.6 Mearth, period, P = 2.6439 d, and e = 0.16 +/- 0.02. The noncircular orbit contrasts with the tidally circularized orbits of all close-in exoplanets, implying either ongoing pumping of eccentricity by a more distant companion, or a higher Q value for this low-mass planet. The velocities indeed reveal a long term trend, indicating a possible distant companion.Comment: 27 pages, 7 figures, accepted to PAS

Affine Subspace Representation for Feature Description

This paper proposes a novel Affine Subspace Representation (ASR) descriptor to deal with affine distortions induced by viewpoint changes. Unlike the traditional local descriptors such as SIFT, ASR inherently encodes local information of multi-view patches, making it robust to affine distortions while maintaining a high discriminative ability. To this end, PCA is used to represent affine-warped patches as PCA-patch vectors for its compactness and efficiency. Then according to the subspace assumption, which implies that the PCA-patch vectors of various affine-warped patches of the same keypoint can be represented by a low-dimensional linear subspace, the ASR descriptor is obtained by using a simple subspace-to-point mapping. Such a linear subspace representation could accurately capture the underlying information of a keypoint (local structure) under multiple views without sacrificing its distinctiveness. To accelerate the computation of ASR descriptor, a fast approximate algorithm is proposed by moving the most computational part (ie, warp patch under various affine transformations) to an offline training stage. Experimental results show that ASR is not only better than the state-of-the-art descriptors under various image transformations, but also performs well without a dedicated affine invariant detector when dealing with viewpoint changes.Comment: To Appear in the 2014 European Conference on Computer Visio

Frontiers of the physics of dense plasmas and planetary interiors: experiments, theory, applications

Recent developments of dynamic x-ray characterization experiments of dense matter are reviewed, with particular emphasis on conditions relevant to interiors of terrestrial and gas giant planets. These studies include characterization of compressed states of matter in light elements by x-ray scattering and imaging of shocked iron by radiography. Several applications of this work are examined. These include the structure of massive "Super Earth" terrestrial planets around other stars, the 40 known extrasolar gas giants with measured masses and radii, and Jupiter itself, which serves as the benchmark for giant planets.Comment: Accepted to Physics of Plasmas special issue. Review from HEDP/HEDLA-08, April 12-15, 200

An Ultracool Star's Candidate Planet

We report here the discovery of the first planet around an ultracool dwarf star. It is also the first extrasolar giant planet (EGP) astrometrically discovered around a main-sequence star. The statistical significance of the detection is shown in two ways. First, there is a 2 x 10^-8 probability that the astrometric motion fits a parallax-and-proper-motion-only model. Second, periodogram analysis shows a false alarm probability of 3 x 10^-5 that the discovered period is randomly generated. The planetary mass is M2 = 6.4 (+2.6,-3.1) Jupiter-masses (MJ), and the orbital period is P = 0.744 (+0.013,-0.008) yr in the most likely model. In less likely models, companion masses that are higher than the 13 MJ planetary mass limit are ruled out by past radial velocity measurements unless the system radial velocity is more than twice the current upper limits and the near-periastron orbital phase was never observed. This new planetary system is remarkable, in part, because its star, VB 10, is near the lower mass limit for a star. Our astrometric observations provide a dynamical mass measurement and will in time allow us to confront the theoretical models of formation and evolution of such systems and their members. We thus add to the diversity of planetary systems and to the small number of known M-dwarf planets. Planets such as VB 10b could be the most numerous type of planets because M stars comprise >70% of all stars. To date they have remained hidden since the dominant radial-velocity (RV) planet-discovery technique is relatively insensitive to these dim, red systems.Comment: 1 30 page pdf file, 9 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Sensitivity Analysis of Average Inventory Level (AIL) at a Specialized Hospital

. Hospital inventory management play a very significant role in hospital's performance. Too much inventory wiil lead to excessive inventory cost but too low inventory might result in dissatisfactions of patiens and lack of performance of physicians or doctors. Economic order Quantity (EOQ) is an inventory control method that can help hospital to minimize total inventort cost. However, managers might find difficulties in deterimining the right amount of ordering and holding cost which are needed in calculating EOQ. This research is a case study from a class “A” specialized hospital. Inventory data of pharmaceutical items are calculated to measure the sensitivity of changes in ordering and holding cost to average inventory level which will lead to understock or overstock. Different ordering cost and holding cost will lead to different proportion of overstock and understock but will not give a significant differences. This research recommend EOQ model to be used in hospital inventory management inspite of the difficulty and hesitation of hospitals to estimate ordering and holding cost

Menemukan Konsensus Kebangsaan Baru: Negara, Pasar, dan Cita-cita Keadilan

Dalam buku ini Faisal Basri mengajak pembaca untuk berdialog tentang cita-cita bangsa Indonesia dan konsekuensi yang perlu ditanggung berkaitan dengan penyusunan langkah tata kelola pembangunan. Bertolak dari indikator-indikator ekonomi, Faisal kemudian masuk ke dalam dialog yang lebih mendalam terkait pencarian jalan keluar dari kemelut yang selama ini melilit pemerintah Indonesia. Berbagai aspek pembenahan perekonomian dan pemerintahan Indonesia kemudian dibahas lebih lanjut oleh para penanggapnya: Thee Kian Wee, Handi Risza, A. Prasetyantoko, Indrasari Tjandraningsih, dan Budi Hikmat. Semuanya menunjukkan sejumlah harapan yang patut dibanggakan tapi juga catatan yang patut diwaspadai. Bermula dari Nurcholish Madjid Memorial Lecture VI (2012), di buku ini Faisal mengingatkan perlunya bangsa Indonesia mendesain ulang skenario pertumbuhan ekonominya. Buku ini penting dibaca oleh siapa pun yang terlibat dalam kegiatan ekonomi agar tidak kehilangan jiwa sosial dan tidak mati rasa ketika berhadapan dengan ketimpangan sosial yang akut

An Effective Temperature Scale for Late M and L Dwarfs, from Resonance Absorption Lines of CsI and RbI

We present Keck HIRES spectra of 6 late-M dwarfs and 11 L dwarfs. Our goal is to assign effective temperatures to the objects using detailed atmospheric models and fine analysis of the alkali resonance absorption lines of CsI and RbI. These yield mutually consistent results (+-150 K) when we use ``cleared-dust'' models, which account for the removal of refractory species from the molecular states but do not include dust opacities. We find a tendency for the RbI line to imply a slightly higher temperature, which we ascribe to an incomplete treatment of the overlying molecular opacities. The final effective temperatures we adopt are based on the CsI fits alone, though the RbI fits support the CsI temperature sequence. This work, in combination with results from the infrared, hints that dust in these atmospheres has settled out of the high atmosphere but is present in the deep photosphere. We also derive radial and rotational velocities for all the objects, finding that the previously discovered trend of rapid rotation for very low mass objects is quite pervasive. To improve on our analysis, there is a clear need for better molecular line lists and a more detailed understanding of dust formation and dynamics.Comment: 53 pages, including 20 figures and 2 Tables; accepted in Ap