52 research outputs found

    The New Method Developed for Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity by Housefly Worms and Compared with Conventional Earthworm Method

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    Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of any drug when carried out in laboratory conditions by using the isolated worms from nature cannot be adaptable with artificial laboratory conditions. Therefore, the present study aims at developing a new adaptable method for evaluation of anthelmintic activity. The present anthelmintic activity study reveals a new methodology with housefly worms cultured in laboratory conditions that resemble parasitic pinworms found in human being. We studied the anthelmintic activities of various drugs on housefly worms and earthworms. The results showed that the housefly worms had taken more time for paralysis and death. Even after paralysis the time taken for death is more in housefly worms in spite of smaller size and lesser weight of the worms compared to earthworms. The study concluded that the earthworms have not adapted to the artificial laboratory conditions leading to erratic results. Therefore, culturing of housefly worms was carried out to evaluate the anthelmintic activity and found an easy, prominent, eco-friendly, and reproducible method in all aspects such as equal age, size, and weight of worms used for the experiment

    2,3-Diamino­pyridinium 3-carb­oxy-4-hy­droxy­benzene­sulfonate monohydrate

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    In the title hydrated mol­ecular salt, C5H8N3 +·C7H5O6S−·H2O, the ion pairs and water mol­ecules are connected by N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, thereby forming a three-dimensional network. There is an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond in the 3-carb­oxy-4-hy­droxy­benzene­sulfonate anion, which generates an S(6) ring motif

    2-Amino-4-methyl­pyridinium 3-carb­oxy-4-hy­droxy­benzene­sulfonate monohydrate

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    In the crystal structure of the title salt, C6H9N2 +·C7H5O6S−·H2O, the water mol­ecule acts as an acceptor of bifurcated N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds from the pyridinium H atom and one H atom of the 2-amino group, forming an R 2 1(6) ring. The 3-carb­oxy-4-hy­droxy­benzene­sulfonate anions self-assemble via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, leading to supra­molecular chains along the a axis. These chains and R 2 1(6) motifs are linked via O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer parallel to the ac plane. There is also an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond in the 3-carb­oxy-4-hy­droxy­benzene­sulfonate anion, generating an S(6) ring motif

    Manufacturing techniques and excipients used during the formulation of oil-in-water type nanosized emulsions for medical applications

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    Medically, the oil-in-water nanosized emulsions are used mainly as delivery carriers for lipophilic drug molecules which show therapeutic activity when administered via parenteral, ocular and transdermal routes. To extract multifunctional activities, the nanosized emulsions containing neutral, anionic and cationic charges over dispersed oil droplets are designed with the help of variety of excipients especially emulsifiers. This type of decoration on the dispersed oil droplet’s surface allows the nanosized emulsions to be useful for drug delivery and/or drug targeting to otherwise inaccessible internal organs of human body. The aim of this review is to address the various manufacturing techniques and excipients used during the formulation of the multifunctional o/w nanosized emulsions for medical applications

    2-Amino-5-chloro­pyridinium salicylate

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    In the crystal structure of the title salt, C5H6ClN2 +·C7H5O3 −, the protonated N atom and the 2-amino group of the cation are hydrogen bonded to the carboxyl­ate O atoms via a pair of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming R 2 2(8) ring motifs. These motifs are centrosymmetrically paired via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a complementary donor–donor–acceptor–acceptor (DDAA) array. A typical intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond is also observed in the salicylate anion. The crystal structure is further stabilized by weak C—H⋯π inter­actions

    Clinical Utility of Random Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Drug–Level Testing and Measurement of Antidrug Antibodies on the Long-Term Treatment Response in Rheumatoid Arthritis

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    Objective: To investigate whether antidrug antibodies and/or drug non-trough levels predict the long-term treatment response in a large cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with adalimumab or etanercept and to identify factors influencing antidrug antibody and drug levels to optimize future treatment decisions.  Methods: A total of 331 patients from an observational prospective cohort were selected (160 patients treated with adalimumab and 171 treated with etanercept). Antidrug antibody levels were measured by radioimmunoassay, and drug levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 835 serial serum samples obtained 3, 6, and 12 months after initiation of therapy. The association between antidrug antibodies and drug non-trough levels and the treatment response (change in the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints) was evaluated.  Results: Among patients who completed 12 months of followup, antidrug antibodies were detected in 24.8% of those receiving adalimumab (31 of 125) and in none of those receiving etanercept. At 3 months, antidrug antibody formation and low adalimumab levels were significant predictors of no response according to the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria at 12 months (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.71 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.57, 0.85]). Antidrug antibody–positive patients received lower median dosages of methotrexate compared with antidrug antibody–negative patients (15 mg/week versus 20 mg/week; P = 0.01) and had a longer disease duration (14.0 versus 7.7 years; P = 0.03). The adalimumab level was the best predictor of change in the DAS28 at 12 months, after adjustment for confounders (regression coefficient 0.060 [95% CI 0.015, 0.10], P = 0.009). Etanercept levels were associated with the EULAR response at 12 months (regression coefficient 0.088 [95% CI 0.019, 0.16], P = 0.012); however, this difference was not significant after adjustment. A body mass index of ≥30 kg/m2 and poor adherence were associated with lower drug levels.  Conclusion: Pharmacologic testing in anti–tumor necrosis factor–treated patients is clinically useful even in the absence of trough levels. At 3 months, antidrug antibodies and low adalimumab levels are significant predictors of no response according to the EULAR criteria at 12 months

    Socioeconomic deprivation is associated with reduced response and lower treatment persistence with TNF inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis

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    Objective To investigate the association between socioeconomic deprivation and outcomes following TNF inhibitor (TNFi) treatment. Methods Individuals commencing their first TNFi in the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for RA (BSRBR-RA) and Biologics in RA Genetics and Genomics Study Syndicate (BRAGGSS) cohort were included. Socioeconomic deprivation was proxied using the Index of Multiple Deprivation and categorized as 20% most deprived, middle 40% or 40% least deprived. DAS28-derived outcomes at 6 months (BSRBR-RA) and 3 months (BRAGGSS) were compared using regression models with the least deprived as referent. Risks of all-cause and cause-specific drug discontinuation were compared using Cox models in the BSRBR-RA. Additional analyses adjusted for lifestyle factors (e.g. smoking, BMI) as potential mediators. Results 16 085 individuals in the BSRBR-RA were included (mean age 56 years, 76% female), of whom 18%, 41% and 41% were in the most, middle and least deprived groups, respectively. Of 3459 included in BRAGGSS (mean age 57, 77% female), proportions were 22%, 36% and 41%, respectively. The most deprived group had 0.3-unit higher 6-month DAS28 (95% CI 0.22, 0.37) and were less likely to achieve low disease activity (odds ratio [OR] 0.76; 95% CI 0.68, 0.84) in unadjusted models. Results were similar for 3-month DAS28 (β = 0.23; 95% CI 0.11, 0.36) and low disease activity (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.63, 0.94). The most deprived were more likely to discontinue treatment (hazard ratio 1.18; 95% CI 1.12, 1.25), driven by ineffectiveness rather than adverse events. Adjusted estimates were generally attenuated. Conclusion Socioeconomic deprivation is associated with reduced response to TNFi. Improvements in determinants of health other than lifestyle factors are needed to address socioeconomic inequities
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