Lines of Hygiene: Pandemic Border Control in Australia, 1919

 The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis has highlighted the public health history of infectious disease control. Yet while much historiographical focus has been directed to the management of international movement in pandemic times, this has proved insufficient as restrictions on movement have turned inward and become far more domestic and local during COVID-19. We argue for a new significance of, and for, local historical analysis of medico-legal border regulation. We consider Australian responses to the influenza pandemic of 1918–19 in this light, examining three geographies through which movement was restricted – interstate, intrastate, and town and district – and the internal lines of hygiene that were both established and evaded. We analyse the exercise of authority, as much as law, including the micro-authorities claimed by local residents’ groups in 1919. We argue that authority–lawful and sometimes lawless–was both devolved and assumed at a finer scale than historical scholarship has recognised

Improvement of Tractor Performance

Improvement of agricultural tractor performance was analyzed using the data from 926 diesel tractors tested at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory from 1959 through 2002. The performance analysis included the specific volumetric fuel consumption, power per unit weight, traction coefficient, maximum torque rise, and sound level. They were evaluated based on the PTO power level and chassis type of tractor. Some of the results are: (1) The average specific volumetric fuel consumptions for the maximum PTO and drawbar powers increased by 20.5% and 23.4% to 3.47 kW•h/L and 3.01 kW•h/L, respectively, from 1959 through 2002. (2) The average maximum PTO and drawbar powers per unit weight of ballasted tractors increased 72.1% and 66.2% to 1.48 and 1.28 kW/kN from 1959 through 2002. (3) The traction coefficient increased 24.4% for 4WD tractors and 27.4% for standard tractors from 1959 through 2002, resulting in 1.02 and 0.94 for 2001-2002 respectively. In the 2001-2002 period, the average torque rise of the tractors in a PTO power range of 37-75 kW was 27.7%, which was 18.4% increase from 1992 through 2002. The tractors with greater PTO power than 187 kW had an average torque rise of 50.8%, which was 30.9% increase over the same period. The maximum sound level within the cab in the early 1970’s ranged from 83.0 to 93.6 dBA and reduced to 73.5 to 88.5 dBA in the 2001-2002 period, which was about 9.3% to 21.5% reduction from 1972 through 2002

Improvement of Tractor Performance

Improvement of agricultural tractor performance was analyzed using the data from 926 diesel tractors tested at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory from 1959 through 2002. The performance analysis included the specific volumetric fuel consumption, power per unit weight, traction coefficient, maximum torque rise, and sound level. They were evaluated based on the PTO power level and chassis type of tractor. Some of the results are: (1) The average specific volumetric fuel consumptions for the maximum PTO and drawbar powers increased by 20.5% and 23.4% to 3.47 kW•h/L and 3.01 kW•h/L, respectively, from 1959 through 2002. (2) The average maximum PTO and drawbar powers per unit weight of ballasted tractors increased 72.1% and 66.2% to 1.48 and 1.28 kW/kN from 1959 through 2002. (3) The traction coefficient increased 24.4% for 4WD tractors and 27.4% for standard tractors from 1959 through 2002, resulting in 1.02 and 0.94 for 2001-2002 respectively. In the 2001-2002 period, the average torque rise of the tractors in a PTO power range of 37-75 kW was 27.7%, which was 18.4% increase from 1992 through 2002. The tractors with greater PTO power than 187 kW had an average torque rise of 50.8%, which was 30.9% increase over the same period. The maximum sound level within the cab in the early 1970’s ranged from 83.0 to 93.6 dBA and reduced to 73.5 to 88.5 dBA in the 2001-2002 period, which was about 9.3% to 21.5% reduction from 1972 through 2002

Pilot Study to Assess Breathing During Sight-Read Stringed Instrument Performance

For many musicians, one common occurrence during a performance is the presence of stage fright. Stage fright, though not always expressed can influence the confidence and self-esteem of a performer, and thus can affect the quality of the performance. Every day musicians are affected by stage fright, and there has been no exact solution as to how to lessen the feeling of anxiety musicians feel before performing. No data has been collected to find the correlation between the regularity of breathing and the level of stage fright that a person feels during their performance. A way to quantify regularity of breathing could be crucial to enhancing a musician\u27s musical ability, as well as eliminating the discomfort of stage fright during performance. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively assess the regularity of breathing during a sight-read stringed instrument performance, while gaining more insight as to how stage fright is hindering the quality of the performance

Selective BRDFs for High Fidelity Rendering

High fidelity rendering systems rely on accurate material representations to produce a realistic visual appearance. However, these accurate models can be slow to evaluate. This work presents an approach for approximating these high accuracy reflectance models with faster, less complicated functions in regions of an image which possess low visual importance. A subjective rating experiment was conducted in which thirty participants were asked to assess the similarity of scenes rendered with low quality reflectance models, a high quality data-driven model and saliency based hybrids of those images. In two out of the three scenes that were evaluated significant differences were not found between the hybrid and reference images. This implies that in less visually salient regions of an image computational gains can be achieved by approximating computationally expensive materials with simpler analytic models

Pilot Study to Assess Breathing During Sight-Read Stringed Instrument Performance

For many musicians, one common occurrence during a performance is the presence of stage fright. Stage fright, though not always expressed can influence the confidence and self-esteem of a performer, and thus can affect the quality of the performance. Every day musicians are affected by stage fright, and there has been no exact solution as to how to lessen the feeling of anxiety musicians feel before performing. No data has been collected to find the correlation between the regularity of breathing and the level of stage fright that a person feels during their performance. A way to quantify regularity of breathing could be crucial to enhancing a musician\u27s musical ability, as well as eliminating the discomfort of stage fright during performance. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively assess the regularity of breathing during a sight-read stringed instrument performance, while gaining more insight as to how stage fright is hindering the quality of the performance

Audio-visual-olfactory resource allocation for tri-modal virtual environments

© 2019 IEEE. Virtual Environments (VEs) provide the opportunity to simulate a wide range of applications, from training to entertainment, in a safe and controlled manner. For applications which require realistic representations of real world environments, the VEs need to provide multiple, physically accurate sensory stimuli. However, simulating all the senses that comprise the human sensory system (HSS) is a task that requires significant computational resources. Since it is intractable to deliver all senses at the highest quality, we propose a resource distribution scheme in order to achieve an optimal perceptual experience within the given computational budgets. This paper investigates resource balancing for multi-modal scenarios composed of aural, visual and olfactory stimuli. Three experimental studies were conducted. The first experiment identified perceptual boundaries for olfactory computation. In the second experiment, participants (N=25) were asked, across a fixed number of budgets (M=5), to identify what they perceived to be the best visual, acoustic and olfactory stimulus quality for a given computational budget. Results demonstrate that participants tend to prioritize visual quality compared to other sensory stimuli. However, as the budget size is increased, users prefer a balanced distribution of resources with an increased preference for having smell impulses in the VE. Based on the collected data, a quality prediction model is proposed and its accuracy is validated against previously unused budgets and an untested scenario in a third and final experiment

A Calibrated Olfactory Display for High Fidelity Virtual Environments

Olfactory displays provide a means to reproduce olfactory stimuli for use in virtual environments. Many of the designs produced by researchers, strive to provide stimuli quickly to users and focus on improving usability and portability, yet concentrate less on providing high levels of accuracy to improve the fidelity of odour delivery. This paper provides the guidance to build a reproducible and low cost olfactory display which is able to provide odours to users in a virtual environment at accurate concentration levels that are typical in everyday interactions; this includes ranges of concentration below parts per million and into parts per billion. This paper investigates build concerns of the olfactometer and its proper calibration in order to ensure concentration accuracy of the device. An analysis is provided on the recovery rates of a specific compound after excitation. This analysis provides insight into how this result can be generalisable to the recovery rates of any volatile organic compound, given knowledge of the specific vapour pressure of the compound

Implementation of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist in an Ethiopian Referral Hospital.

BACKGROUND: The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist has a growing evidence base to support its role in improving perioperative safety, although its impact is likely to be directly related to the effectiveness of its implementation. There remains a paucity of documented experience from low-resource settings on Checklist implementation approaches. We report an implementation strategy in a public referral hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, based on consultation, local leadership, formal introduction, and supported supervision with subsequent audit and feedback. METHODS: Planning, implementation and assessment took place from December 2011 to December 2012. The planning phase, from December 2011 until April 2012, involved a multidisciplinary consultative approach using local leaders, volunteer clinicians, and staff from non-governmental organisations, to draw up a locally agreed and appropriate Checklist. Implementation in April 2012 involved formal teaching and discussion, simulation sessions and role play, with supportive supervision following implementation. Assessment was performed using completed Checklist analysis and staff satisfaction questionnaires at one month and further Checklist analysis combined with semi-structured interviews in December 2012. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Checklist compliance rates were 83% for general anaesthetics at one month after implementation, with an overall compliance rate of 65% at eight months. There was a decrease in Checklist compliance over the period of the study to less than 20% by the end of the study period. The 'Sign out' section was reported as being the most difficult section of the Checklist to complete, and was missed completely in 21% of cases. The most commonly missed single item was the team introduction at the start of each case. However, we report high staff satisfaction with the Checklist and enthusiasm for its continued use. CONCLUSION: We report a detailed implementation strategy for introducing the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist to a low-resource setting. We show that this approach can lead to high completion rates and high staff satisfaction, albeit with a drop in completion rates over time. We argue that maximal benefit of the Surgical Safety Checklist is likely to be when it engenders a conversation around patient safety within a department, and when there is local ownership of this process

Participating in CaMKIN : impact on patients

Introduction: Managing long-term health conditions is a global challenge, which has necessitated developing innovative ways to deliver patient centred care. Social media allow patients to access and share personal experiences and peer support, with potential to feed back into the patient-centred development and improvement of healthcare services. The Cheshire and Merseyside Kidney Information Network (CaMKIN) was established in 2019 as part of the Kidney Information Network (KIN), providing CKD patients 24-hour online access to information and support regarding their condition. Methods A novel digital method (Vasilica et al., 2021) of a dataset retrieved from a CaMKIN patient Facebook micro-community (1,119 posts and 5,266 comments), complemented by a survey (61 CaMKIN members). The digital methods steps involved a framework analysis to create themes and subthemes, directed analysis of data, familiarisation and sense making. Findings Analysis of data identified four major themes and an additional 13 subthemes of impact. Patients used the group to ‘improve understanding of their condition’ (theme 1) through sharing useful information, accessing information from lived experiences and organizing Q&A with health professionals. The micro-community formed a peer support network with both, in person and online peer to peer support. This support extended to ‘encouragement of self-management of health’ (theme 2), including managing diet and fitness. Group members created their own healthy choices weight loss accountability group, adopting a supportive ‘weight watchers’ style. They encouraged each other to take proactive steps in self-managing their health recommending people to contact renal team or ring emergency line where necessary. CaMKIN positively contributed to ‘improved health and wellbeing outcomes’ (theme 3), by providing a safe space to air frustrations, quell anxieties, and support each other’s mental health. This was important during the COVID_19 pandemic. CaMKIN provided patients a ‘safe environment, outside clinical settings’ (theme 4), to share and receive health information related to their kidney disease or treatment. Throughout the pandemic, the group discussed or clarified information (with professionals on the network), reducing demand on the local services through the self-organisation that occurred within the group. Survey results reinforced the Facebook dataset findings; most respondents benefited from access to health care information (86.9 %), which made them feel more informed about their condition (77.1%). Patients received valuable support from peers (75.4%). Almost half of respondents agreed that it reduced isolation and it contributed to management of mental health (48.8%). Conclusion This innovative micro-community helps CKD patients understand their condition better and improve health awareness through information sharing (peer and professionally developed) and peer support that contribute to increased self-management. Demonstrated through self-reported mechanisms, CaMKIN improved mental health and reduced social isolation. During the pandemic it offered patients a safe environment to develop understanding of the volatile situation to manage their health safely. The data provides insight into an untapped opportunity, recommendations include utilising the CAMKIN to further develop service provision and communication between hospitals and patients. Further research is required to roll out and evaluate embedding KIN into local service provision, and developing a patient network at a regional and national level