The dynamics of gender earnings differentials: Evidence from establishment data

Despite dramatic workforce gains by women in recent decades, a substantial gender earnings gap persists and widens over the course of men’s and women’s careers. Since there are earnings differences across establishments, a key question is the extent to which the widening of the gender pay gap over time arises from differences in career advances within the same establishment versus differential gains from job-to-job moves across establishments. Using a unique match between the 2000 Decennial Census of the United States and the Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics (LEHD) data, we find that both channels are important and affect workers differently by education. For the college-educated the increasing gap is for the most part due to differential earnings growth within establishment. The between-establishment component explains only 27 percent of the widening of the total gender pay gap for this group. For workers without college degree, the establishment component is the main driver of the, relatively small, widening of the gender earnings gap. For both education groups, marriage plays a crucial role in the establishment component of the increasing earnings gap.acceptedVersio

Optische Erscheinungen und andere ungewöhnliche Wetterphänomene auf der Wetterwarte Fichtelberg

Der Fichtelberg im Erzgebirge ist mit 1215 Metern die höchste Erhebung Sachsens und liegt an der Grenze zu Tschechien. Gemeinsam mit dem nahe gelegenen Keilberg (heute tschechisch Klínovec; 1244 m) auf böhmischer Seite bildet er den höchsten Punkt des Erzgebirgskamms. Die von Südwest nach Nordost ansteigende Pultscholle des Gebirges fällt nach Süden hin steil ins Egertal (heute tschechisch Údolí Ohře) ab. In diesem, nach Süden vom Duppauer Gebirge (heute tschechisch Doupovské hory) und dem Kaiserwald (heute tschechisch Slavkovský les) eingerahmten Tal sammelt sich bei herbstlichen und winterlichen Hochdruckwetterlagen die Kaltluft (Böhmischer Nebel). Durch diese Konstellation liegt der Fichtelberg entweder in einer trockenen warmen Luftmasse darüber (Inversion) oder er wird direkt vom Böhmischen Nebel beeinflusst, wenn dieser über den Kamm fließt. Das führt zu zahlreichen optischen Erscheinungen, die es sonst in dieser Fülle nur selten gibt. So besticht der Gipfel bei Inversionswetterlagen nicht nur mit einer außergewöhnlichen Fernsicht,Der Fichtelberg im Erzgebirge ist mit 1215 Metern die höchste Erhebung Sachsens und liegt an der Grenze zu Tschechien. Gemeinsam mit dem nahe gelegenen Keilberg (heute tschechisch Klínovec; 1244 m) auf böhmischer Seite bildet er den höchsten Punkt des Erzgebirgskamms. Die von Südwest nach Nordost ansteigende Pultscholle des Gebirges fällt nach Süden hin steil ins Egertal (heute tschechisch Údolí Ohře) ab. In diesem, nach Süden vom Duppauer Gebirge (heute tschechisch Doupovské hory) und dem Kaiserwald (heute tschechisch Slavkovský les) eingerahmten Tal sammelt sich bei herbstlichen und winterlichen Hochdruckwetterlagen die Kaltluft (Böhmischer Nebel). Durch diese Konstellation liegt der Fichtelberg entweder in einer trockenen warmen Luftmasse darüber (Inversion) oder er wird direkt vom Böhmischen Nebel beeinflusst, wenn dieser über den Kamm fließt. Das führt zu zahlreichen optischen Erscheinungen, die es sonst in dieser Fülle nur selten gibt. So besticht der Gipfel bei Inversionswetterlagen nicht nur mit einer außergewöhnlichen Fernsicht, sondern auch mit ungewöhnlich starken Refraktionseffekten wie Luftspiegelungen, stark deformierter oder geteilter Sonnenscheibe sowie mehrfachen Grünen, Blauen und Roten Strahlen an der horizontnahen Sonne. Die Dämmerungsfarben sind bei derartigen Wetterlagen sehr intensiv und neben Purpur- und Gegenpurpurlicht und stark ausgeprägtem Erdschattenbogen zeichnen sich manchmal auch die Schatten weit entfernter Berge oder Wolken am Himmel ab (Crepuscularstrahlen). Fließt der Böhmische Nebel über den Erzgebirgskamm, entstehen bei gleichzeitigem Sonnenschein im Sommer Glorie und Nebelbogen und im Winter atemberaubende Eisnebelhalos. sondern auch mit ungewöhnlich starken Refraktionseffekten wie Luftspiegelungen, stark deformierter oder geteilter Sonnenscheibe sowie mehrfachen Grünen, Blauen und Roten Strahlen an der horizontnahen Sonne. Die Dämmerungsfarben sind bei derartigen Wetterlagen sehr intensiv und neben Purpur- und Gegenpurpurlicht und stark ausgeprägtem Erdschattenbogen zeichnen sich manchmal auch die Schatten weit entfernter Berge oder Wolken am Himmel ab (Crepuscularstrahlen). Fließt der Böhmische Nebel über den Erzgebirgskamm, entstehen bei gleichzeitigem Sonnenschein im Sommer Glorie und Nebelbogen und im Winter atemberaubende Eisnebelhalos

Seebeck coefficients of half-metallic ferromagnets

In this report the Co2 based Heusler compounds are discussed as potential materials for spin voltage generation. The compounds were synthesized by arcmelting and consequent annealing. Band structure calculations were performed and revealed the compounds to be half-metallic ferromagnets. Magnetometry was performed on the samples and the Curie temperatures and the magnetic moments were determined. The Seebeck coefficients were measured from low to ambient temperatures for all compounds. For selected compounds high temperature measurements up to 900 K were performed.Comment: accepted contribution o the Special Issue "Spin Caloritronics" of Solid State Communication

Comparability of Patients in Trials of eHealth and Face-to-Face Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Depression: Meta-synthesis.

Background: Depressive disorders (DDs) are a public health problem. Face-to-face psychotherapeutic interventions are a first-line option for their treatment in adults. There is a growing interest in eHealth interventions to maximize accessibility for effective treatments. Thus, the number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of eHealth psychotherapeutic interventions has increased, and these interventions are being offered to patients. However, it is unknown whether patients with DDs differ in internet-based and face-to-face intervention trials. This information is essential to gain knowledge about eHealth trials’ external validity. Objective: We aimed to compare the baseline characteristics of patients with DDs included in the RCTs of eHealth and face-to-face psychotherapeutic interventions with a cognitive component. Methods: In this meta-epidemiological study, we searched 5 databases between 1990 and November 2017 (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and the database of Cuijpers et al). We included RCTs of psychotherapeutic interventions with a cognitive component (eg, cognitive therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy [CBT], or interpersonal therapy) delivered face-to-face or via the internet to adults with DDs. Each included study had a matching study for predefined criteria to allow a valid comparison of characteristics and was classified as a face-to-face (CBT) or eHealth (internet CBT) intervention trial. Two authors selected the studies, extracted data, and resolved disagreements by discussion. We tested whether predefined baseline characteristics differed in face-to-face and internet-based trials using a mixed-effects model and testing for differences with z tests (statistical significance set at .05). For continuous outcomes, we also estimated the difference in means between subgroups with 95% CI. Results: We included 58 RCTs (29 matching pairs) with 3846 participants (female: n=2803, 72.9%) and mean ages ranging from 20-74 years. White participants were the most frequent (from 63.6% to 100%). Other socioeconomic characteristics were poorly described. The participants presented DDs of different severity measured with heterogeneous instruments. Internet CBT trials had a longer depression duration at baseline (7.19 years higher, CI 95% 2.53-11.84; 10.0 vs 2.8 years; P=.002), but the proportion of patients with previous depression treatment was lower (24.8% vs 42%; P=.04). Subgroup analyses found no evidence of differences for the remaining baseline characteristics: age, gender, education, living area, depression severity, history of depression, actual antidepressant medication, actual physical comorbidity, actual mental comorbidity, study dropout, quality of life, having children, family status, and employment. We could not compare proficiency with computers due to the insufficient number of studies. Conclusions: The baseline characteristics of patients with DDs included in the RCTs of eHealth and face-to-face psychotherapeutic interventions are generally similar. However, patients in eHealth trials had a longer duration of depression, and a lower proportion had received previous depression treatment, which might indicate that eHealth trials attract patients who postpone earlier treatment attempts.post-print289 K

Comparability of Patients in Trials of E-Health and Face-To-Face Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Depression: a Meta-Synthesis

Background: Depressive disorders are a public health problem. Face-to-face psychotherapeutic interventions are considered to be a first-line option for their treatment in adults. There is a growing interest in eHealth interventions to maximize accessibility for effective treatments. Thus, the number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of eHealth psychotherapeutic interventions has increased, and these interventions are often being offered to patients. However, it is unknown whether patients with depressive disorders differ in internet and face-to-face intervention trials. This information is essential to gain knowledge about the external validity of eHealth trials. Objective: To compare the baseline characteristics of patients with depressive disorder in eHealth and face-to-face psychotherapeutic intervention RCTs. Methods: Meta-epidemiological study. We searched five databases between 1990 and November 2017 (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, Cuijpers’s database). We included RCTs of psychotherapeutic interventions with a cognitive component (such as cognitive therapy, cognitive–behavioral therapy, or interpersonal therapy) delivered face-to-face or via the internet to adults with a depressive disorder. Each included study had a matching study for predefined criteria to allow a valid comparison of baseline characteristics. Each study was classified as a face-to-face (CBT) or eHealth (iCBT) intervention trial. Two authors selected the studies, extracted data, and resolved disagreements by discussion. We tested whether predefined baseline characteristics differed in face-to-face and internet-based trials by using a mixed-effects model and testing for differences with a Z-test (statistical significance threshold set at 0.05). For continuous outcomes, we also estimated the difference in means between subgroups along with the 95% CI. Results: We included 58 RCTs (29 matching pairs) with 3,655 participants (71.5% females) with a mean age from 20 to 74 years. Caucasian participants were the most frequently reported. Other socioeconomic characteristics were poorly reported. The participants presented different depressive disorders measured with heterogeneous instruments. iCBT trials had a longer mean duration of depression at baseline (7.19 years higher; CI 95% 2.53 to 11.84; 10.0 versus 2.8 years, P=.002), but the proportion of patients with previous depression treatment was lower (24.8% versus 42.0%, P=.035). The subgroup analyses found no evidence of differences for the remaining baseline characteristics: age, gender, education, living area, depression severity, history of depression, actual antidepressant medication, actual physical comorbidity, actual mental comorbidity, study drop-out, quality of life, having children, family status and employment. We could not compare proficiency with computers due to the insufficient number of studies reporting this information. Conclusions: Our study found that the baseline characteristics of patients with depressive disorders included in RCTs of eHealth and face-to-face psychotherapeutic interventions are generally similar. However, patients in eHealth trials had a longer duration of depression, and a lower proportion had received previous depression treatment. This might indicate that eHealth trials attract patients who postpone earlier treatment attempts

Bulk sensitive photo emission spectroscopy of C1b compounds

This work reports about bulk-sensitive, high energy photoelectron spectroscopy from the valence band of CoTiSb excited by photons from 1.2 to 5 keV energy. The high energy photoelectron spectra were taken at the KMC-1 high energy beamline of BESSY II employing the recently developed Phoibos 225 HV analyser. The measurements show a good agreement to calculations of the electronic structure using the LDA scheme. It is shown that the high energy spectra reveal the bulk electronic structure better compared to low energy XPS spectra.Comment: J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. accepte

Acupuncture for the prevention of chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Purpose: To assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), with a specific intention on exploring sources of between-study variation in treatment effects. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared acupuncture to sham acupuncture or usual care (UC). The main outcome is complete control (no vomiting episodes and/or no more than mild nausea) of CINV. GRADE approach was used to rate the certainty of evidence. Results: Thirty-eight RCTs with a total of 2503 patients were evaluated. Acupuncture in addition to UC may increase the complete control of acute vomiting (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.25; 10 studies) and delayed vomiting (RR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.00; 10 studies) when compared with UC only. No effects were found for all other review outcomes. The certainty of evidence was generally low or very low. None of the predefined moderators changed the overall findings, but in an exploratory moderator analysis we found that an adequate reporting of planned rescue antiemetics might decrease the effect size of complete control of acute vomiting (p = 0.035). Conclusion: Acupuncture in addition to usual care may increase the complete control of chemotherapy-induced acute vomiting and delayed vomiting but the certainty of evidence was very low. Well-designed RCTs with larger sample sizes, standardized treatment regimens, and core outcome measures are needed

Patient motivation as a predictor of digital health intervention effects: A meta-epidemiological study of cancer trials

The objective of this meta-epidemiological study was to develop a rating that captures participants’ motivation at the study level in digital health intervention (DHI) randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The rating was used to investigate whether participants’ motivation is associated with the effect estimates in DHI RCTs for cancer patients. The development of the rating was based on a bottom-up approach involving the collection of information that captures participants’ baseline motivation in empirical studies from the Smartphone-RCCT Database. We specified three indicators for rating: indicator 1 captures whether the study team actively selects or enhances the motivation of the potential study participants; indicator 2 captures the study participants’ active engagement before the treatment allocation; and indicator 3 captures the potential bond and trust between the study participants and the person/institution referring to the study. The rating of each indicator and the overall rating varies between high motivation, moderate motivation, and low motivation. We applied the rating across 27 DHI RCTs with cancer patients. We performed meta-regression analysis to examine the effect of patient motivation on quality of life (QoL), psychological outcomes, and attrition. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) indicated moderate to poor inter-rater reliability. The meta-regression showed that cancer patients’ overall motivation before engaging in the intervention was associated with the treatment effect of QoL. Patient motivation was not found to be associated with psychological outcomes or attrition. Subgroup analyses revealed that the clinical effects of DHIs were more prevalent in the high-motivation subgroups, whereas the low-motivation subgroups were unlikely to show intervention benefits. The likelihood of dropouts from DHIs seems to be especially high among the low-bond (indicator 3) subgroup. We suggest using single indicators since they reflect specific content. Better reporting about baseline motivation is required to enable meaningful interpretations in not only primary studies but also in evidence syntheses