LINNAEUS: THE ORDER OF NATURE, THE NATURE OF MAN, AND EVOLUTION

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Le “Système de la nature” de Lamarck (1794) : analyse d'un ambitieux projet avorté d'après un manuscrit oublié

Mon article porte sur un projet de Lamarck, conçu aux alentours de 1793 et présente au Comité d’instruction publique en 1794. C’était un projet très ambitieux et d’une grande importance scientifique. Le texte, que j’ai retrouvé parmi les documents conservés aux Archives nationales, était jusqu’à présent demeuré dans l’ombre. Il s’agissait d’élaborer un grand Système de la nature, une alternative au Systema naturar de Linné, afin de reconquérir la primauté de la France dans le domaine de l’his..

Sergio Moravia : Filosofia e scienze umane nell'età dei Lumi, 1982

Barsanti Giulio. Sergio Moravia : Filosofia e scienze umane nell'età dei Lumi, 1982. In: Dix-huitième Siècle, n°16, 1984. D'Alembert. p. 474

Lamarck: taxonomy and theoretical biology

<font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><p align="left">I will not deal with Lamarck's theory of evolution, nor with other aspects of his work that usually first spring to mind when one thinks of the heritage that he left us. Instead I will discuss less well-known aspects of his thinking, namely the theory of classifications and the holistic approach to the biosphere, which in my opinion have not been sufficiently appreciated.</p></font><br><br><font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><p align="left">No trataremos de la teor<font face="Times New Roman" size="1">í</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="1">a evolutiva de Lamarck, ni de otros aspectos de su trabajo que inmediatamente aparecen en nuestro pensamiento cuando reflexionamos sobre la herencia que nos leg</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="1">ó</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="1">. En su lugar discutiremos temas menos conocidos de su ideario, como su teor</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="1">í</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="1">a de las clasificaciones y su aproximaci</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="1">ó</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="1">n hol</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="1">í</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="1">stica a la biosfera, que en mi opini</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="1">ó</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="1">n no han sido suficientemente valorados.</font></p></font&gt

L'orang-outan déclassé. Histoire du premier singe à hauteur d'homme (1780-1801) et ébauche d'une théorie de la circularité des sources

THE ORANG-UTAN DOWNGRADED (Pongo wurmbii TIED.) History of the first monkey of human height (1780-1801) and outline of a theory of the circularity of sources Summary. — The Great Pongo of Batavia was discovered by von Wurmb (1780) when the gorilla was unknown and the chimpanzee appeared to be too small to be put near man. In context of the first formulations of the transformist hypothesis, it made a big impression. It seemed to encourage those who, with Lamarck, were thinking about the simian origin of man. On examination of its acute facial angle, it was nonetheless relegated by Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1795) to a place among the baboons, and therefore classed far away from man, on the second to last rung of the ape ladder. For most of scholars, it was to keep this taxonomie position until 1835. Based on academic writings, iconography, measuring instruments, archival documents, « minor » literature and the object itself (the skeleton of the Pongo, which the author rediscovered in the Museum of Natural History), this article proposes a chronology of the quarrels caused by the first mansized ape. It brings us to conclude, on the one hand that Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire borrowed their data from another naturalist, Audebert, without mentioning him ; on the other hand, that these data, submitted to new goniometric tests, were not correct. Analysis of the intellectual stakes of the period shows that, apart from the authors' technical choices and the adoption of facial angle as the differential criterion, ideological concerns probably led to the downgrading of von Wurmb's Pongo.Résumé. — Le grand Pongo de Batavia a été découvert par von Wurmb (1780) alors que le gorille n'était pas connu et que le chimpanzé apparaissait d'une taille trop petite pour être rapproché de l'homme. Dans le contexte des premières formulations de l'hypothèse transformiste, il fit une grande impression. Il paraissait encourager ceux qui pensaient, avec Lamarck, à l'origine simienne de l'homme. Sur l'examen de son angle facial aigu,, il fut néanmoins relégué par Cuvier et Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1795) parmi les babouins, et donc classé loin de l'homme, à l'avant-dernier degré de l'échelle des singes. Pour la plupart des savants, il conservera cette position taxinomique jusqu'en 1835. En s'appuyant sur la littérature académique, l'iconographie, les instruments de mensuration, les pièces d'archives, la littérature « mineure » et l'objet lui-même de ce dossier (le squelette du Pongo, que l'auteur a retrouvé au Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle), cet article propose une chronologie des querelles soulevées par le premier singe à hauteur d'homme. Il permet de conclure, d'une part que Cuvier et Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire empruntèrent leurs données à un autre naturaliste, à savoir Audebert, sans le mentionner ; d'autre part, que ces données, soumises à de nouveaux contrôles goniométriques, n'étaient pas correctes. L'examen des enjeux intellectuels de la période montre qu'au-delà des choix techniques des auteurs et l'adoption du critère différentiel de l'angle facial, des préoccupations idéologiques conduisirent probablement au déclassement du Pongo de von Wurmb.Barsanti Giulio. L'orang-outan déclassé. Histoire du premier singe à hauteur d'homme (1780-1801) et ébauche d'une théorie de la circularité des sources. In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, Nouvelle Série. Tome 1 fascicule 3-4, 1989. pp. 67-104

El <i>système de la nature</i> de Lamarck (1794). Análisis de un ambicioso proyecto fallido

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Il Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Universit&agrave; degli Studi di Firenze VOL. 1 LE COLLEZIONI DELLA SPECOLA

The Museum of Natural History of the University of Florence, founded in 1775 by the Grand Duke Peter Leopold, is the oldest scientific museum in Europe. Firenze University Press opens the series dealing with the six sections of the Museum with this book on La Specola, situated in Palazzo Torrigiani, which represented the original nucleus. The articles in the first section reconstruct the historic background, the foundation of La Specola and the genesis and development of the collections. The second part considers the anatomical waxes, the entomological collections, and those of the vertebrates and the invertebrates, with a view to providing a description of the precious specimens that is at once precise and accessible. Finally, the third section completes the picture, retracing the important research activity that has accompanied the history of La Specola and reporting on the scientific projects in which the personnel are engaged. The largest collection in the world of anatomical wax models and the vast zoological collection are illustrated by the people directly involved in the related research, and by a superb selection of original photos produced specially for this publication

La fotografia aerea e il sensore iperspettrale MIVIS per l’indagine archeologica e la ricostruzione del territorio della parte settentrionale dell’antico ducato Longobardo del Friuli

International audienceThis project has as its ultimate goal the reconstruction of the dynamics of settlement and the territory of a portion of the Region Friuli Venezia Giulia in the Lombard period. To do so, we started from the collecting of the archival documentation about excavations, surveys and past studies integrating them with the analysis of historical maps and modern technology available, as aerial photography combined with oblique aerial photography and the UAV technology, GIS and WebGIS, 3D landscape reconstruction. In particular, what concerns us here is the study of aerial photographs, the use of which in archaeology is now an established and widely used methodology for the identification and interpretation of anomalies visible onto the ground. For our work we used the aerial photographs found in the Cartographic Office of the Region, those from the MIVIS sensor found again in the same office and those found in the Central Institution for the Catalogue and the Documentation (ICCD) managing to cover an historical period from 1938 to 2007.All information derived from these analyses will be completed by the production of oblique aerial photographs and surveys by UAVs in order to identify possible anomalies which can be confirmed or refuted by the integration with the archive data