Conduta académica dos alunos de Medicina da Universidade da Beira Interior: perceção de estudantes e docentes

Introdução: A honestidade académica é um requisito ético para qualquer clínico. Contudo, comportamentos académicos desonestos são praticados em todo o mundo, levando a uma preocupação crescente com a falta de competências neste domínio que se irá refletir no seu futuro profissional. No entanto, pouco se sabe ainda sobre este tema em Portugal, particularmente entre alunos de Medicina. Objetivos: 1) Avaliar a conduta académica dos alunos de Medicina da FCS; 2) Analisar a perspetiva de alunos e docentes quanto à conduta académica dos alunos. Métodos: Foram aplicados questionários, traduzidos e adaptados a partir de estudos anteriores, aos alunos do 1º ao 6º ano e a um grupo de docentes. Foi realizada análise estatística (análise da consistência interna de escalas, estatística descritiva, intervalos de confiança, teste t-Student, teste ANOVA e correlações com o teste de Pearson), tendo sido considerados significativos os valores de p <0,05. Resultados: Na população alvo de 849 estudantes, 580 (68,3%) completaram o questionário. Num grupo selecionado de 36 docentes, 32 completaram o questionário. Verificou-se que os alunos afirmam praticar comportamentos académicos desonestos com pouca frequência, apresentando um valor médio de todos os comportamentos analisados inferior a 3 («algumas vezes»). As atitudes mais frequentes, no entanto, são «Pedir a um colega que assine por si», «Alterar o registo de presenças de uma aula», e «Copiar respostas por um colega durante um exame». Os alunos que praticam mais comportamentos desonestos são do sexo masculino, frequentam um ano curricular mais avançado, têm menor média de curso e estão envolvidos em atividades extracurriculares (p<0,05). As condutas que os alunos consideram como sendo mais graves são as que menos praticam, com uma correlação muito forte negativa de -0,96. As opiniões dos docentes e estudantes quanto à prática e perceção da gravidade de comportamentos desonestos apresentam uma correlação positiva forte (0,81 e 0,90 respetivamente), no entanto os professores consideram que os alunos praticam mais comportamentos desonestos do que os alunos revelam, e classificam-os como mais graves. Conclusão: Verificou-se que o nível de prevalência de comportamentos desonestos que os estudantes de Medicina declaram praticar é muito baixo. Não obstante, é necessário consciencializar os alunos para as consequências da prática de atitudes desonestas no seu desempenho enquanto alunos mas, principalmente, na sua futura atividade profissional, devendo a faculdade adotar as medidas necessárias que facilitem essa tomada de consciência de forma a prevenir a prática de atitudes menos éticas pelos futuros médicos.Introduction: Academic honesty is an ethical requirement for any Medical practitioner. However, dishonest academic behaviours are practiced around the world, increasing the concern about the lack of skills in this field that will be reflected in their professional future. Nevertheless, little is known on this subject in Portugal, particularly among Medical students. Objectives: 1) Evaluate the academic conduct of the FCS Medical students; 2) To analyse the perspective of students and teachers on the academic conduct of students. Methods: Translated and adapted questionnaires from previous studies were given to students from 1st to 6th grade, as well as, to a group of teachers. Statistical analysis was performed (analysis of internal consistency of scales, descriptive statistics, confidence intervals, t-test, ANOVA and correlations with Pearson's test) were considered significant if p <0,05. Results: Of the target population of 849 students, 580 (68,3%) completed the questionnaire. Of the selected group of 36 teachers, 32 completed the questionnaire. It was found that students claim to practice dishonest academic behaviour infrequently, with a mean value of all analysed behaviours of less than 3 ("sometimes"). However, the most common dishonest attitudes are "Asking a colleague to sign for themselves the class attendance record", "Change a class attendance record" and "Copy answers by a colleague during an exam". Students who participate in more dishonest behaviours are male, attending a more advanced academic year, have a lower final grade and are involved in extracurricular activities (p <0,05). The conducts that students consider to be more serious are the least likely to practice, with a very strong negative correlation of -0,96. The opinions of teachers and students about the practice and perception of the seriousness of dishonest behaviours have a strong positive correlation (0,81 and 0,90 respectively), but teachers believe that students practice more dishonest behaviour than they reveal and rank them as more severe. Conclusion: It was found that the level of prevalence of dishonest behaviour that Medical students declare to practice is very low. Nevertheless, it is necessary to raise awareness among students about the consequences of the practice of dishonest attitudes in their performance as students but, mainly, in their future professional activity and the college should take the necessary measures to facilitate this form of awareness to prevent the practice of less ethical attitudes by future doctors

Academic behavior of medical students: attitudes, perceptions and contributing factors

Introdução. Comportamentos académicos desonestos são praticados em todo o mundo, levantando a preocupação crescente com a falta de competências dos estudantes no seu futuro profissional. Objetivos. Avaliar a conduta académica dos estudantes de medicina da Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde; analisar a perceção dos estudantes quanto à prática de comportamentos desonestos. Materiais e métodos. Foi aplicado um questionário aos estudantes do 1º ao 6º anos, traduzido e adaptado a partir de estudos anteriores, para avaliar quer a prática de comportamentos desonestos, quer a perceção sobre a gravidade desses comportamentos. Foi realizada análise estatística (estatística descritiva, teste t de Student, ANOVA e correlação de Pearson), tendo sido considerados significativos os valores de p < 0,05. Resultados. 580 estudantes completaram o questionário (68,3% da população). Os estudantes afirmam praticar comportamentos académicos desonestos com pouca frequência, com um valor médio inferior a 3 (algumas vezes). Os estudantes que praticam mais atitudes desonestas são do sexo masculino, frequentam um ano curricular mais avançado, têm menor média de curso e frequentam atividades extracurriculares (p < 0,05). As condutas que os estudantes consideram como mais graves são as que menos praticam (correlação muito forte negativa de –0,96). Conclusão. Apesar da prevalência de comportamentos desonestos que os estudantes declaram praticar ser muito baixa, é necessário consciencializar os estudantes para as suas consequências durante o curso e na sua futura atividade profissional.Introduction. Academic honesty is an ethical requirement for any medical practitioner. However, dishonest academic behaviours are practiced around the world, increasing concern about the lack of skills of students in their professional future. Aims. To evaluate the academic conduct of the FCS medical students, and to analyse students’ perceptions about academic conduct. Subjects and methods. Questionnaires translated and adapted from previous studies were given to students from 1st to 6th grade. Statistical analysis was performed (descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation) and differences between groups were considered significant if p < 0.05. Results. 580 (68.3%) students completed the questionnaire. It was found that students claim to practice dishonest academic behaviour infrequently, with a mean value of all analysed behaviours less than 3 (‘sometimes’). However, the most common dishonest attitudes are ‘asking a colleague to sign for themselves the class attendance record’, ‘change a class attendance record’ and ‘copy answers by a colleague during an exam’. Students who participate in more dishonest behaviours are male, attending a more advanced academic year, have a lower final grade and are involved in extracurricular activities (p < 0.05). The conducts that students consider to be more serious are the least likely to practice, with a very strong negative correlation (r = –0.96). Conclusion. Despite the prevalence of dishonest behaviour that students declared to practice be very low, it is necessary to raise awareness among students for its consequences during the course and in their future professional activity.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Insights into the bioactivities and chemical analysis of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle

Many species of the so-called exotic plants coexist with native species in a balanced way, but others thrive very quickly and escape human control, becoming harmful—these are called invasive alien species. In addition to overcoming geographic barriers, these species can defeat biotic and abiotic barriers, maintaining stable populations. Ailanthus altissima is no exception; it is disseminated worldwide and is considered high risk due to its easy propagation and resistance to external environmental factors. Currently, it has no particular use other than ornamental, even though it is used to treat epilepsy, diarrhea, asthma, ophthalmic diseases, and seborrhoea in Chinese medicine. Considering its rich composition in alkaloids, terpenoids, sterols, and flavonoids, doubtlessly, its use in medicine or other fields can be maximised. This review will focus on the knowledge of the chemical composition and the discovery of the biological properties of A. altissima to understand this plant better and maximise its possible use for purposes such as medicine, pharmacy, or the food industry. Methods for the extraction and detection to know the chemical composition will also be discussed in detail.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Tradução e validação da Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-CA-5) em crianças e adolescentes portugueses

Introduction: The aim of this study was to translate and validate into European Portuguese the CAPS-CA-5 (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents), a semi-structured scale for the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents, according to the DSM-5 criteria. Material and Methods: This study was developed in three stages. In the first stage, the translation and back-translation of CAPS-CA-5 into European Portuguese was carried out. In the second stage, the version obtained in the previous step was subjected to a pre-test. In the third stage, the final version of CAPS-CA-5, the KIDCOPE questionnaires and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-Children were applied to 101 children who had experienced at least one potentially traumatic event. The children included in this study were between seven and 18 years old and had a follow-up period in a Child Psychiatry or Pediatrics Clinic in one of the three hospitals involved in this project of at least one month. Results: Regarding the confirmatory factor analysis, our results show that the CAPS-CA-5 is a suitable psychometric instrument to assess the diagnosis and symptoms severity of post-traumatic stress disorder according to DSM-5. Convergent validity was comparable to its original version. Although there were negative relationships with almost all of its clusters, these were not statistically significant when applied with the positive coping strategies of the KIDCOPE. The European Portuguese version of the CAPS-CA-5 showed a good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α for the total scale was 0.89). Conclusion: The European Portuguese version of CAPS-CA-5 has similar psychometric properties to its original versionIntrodução: O objetivo deste estudo foi traduzir e validar para português europeu a CAPS-CA-5 (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents), uma escala semiestruturada para o diagnóstico de perturbação de stress pós-traumático em crianças e adolescentes, de acordo com os critérios do DSM-5. Material e Métodos: Este estudo foi desenvolvido em três etapas. Na primeira, foi realizada a tradução e contra-tradução da CAPS- -CA-5 para português europeu. Na segunda etapa, a versão obtida anteriormente foi submetida a um pré-teste. Na terceira etapa, a versão final da CAPS-CA-5, os questionários KIDCOPE e a Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Stresse - Crianças foram aplicados em 101 crianças que experienciaram pelo menos um evento potencialmente traumático. As crianças incluídas neste estudo tinham entre sete e 18 anos e tinham um período de acompanhamento em consulta de Psiquiatria Infantil ou Pediatria de pelo menos um mês, num dos três hospitais envolvidos neste projeto. Resultados: Em relação à análise fatorial confirmatória, os nossos resultados mostram que a CAPS-CA-5 é um instrumento psico-métrico adequado para avaliar o diagnóstico e a gravidade dos sintomas de perturbação de stresse pós-traumático de acordo com o DSM-5. A validade convergente foi comparável à versão original. Embora tenha havido relações negativas com quase todos os seus clusters, estas não foram estatisticamente significativas quando aplicadas com as estratégias de coping positivo do KIDCOPE. A versão em português europeu da CAPS-CA-5 apresentou boa consistência interna (α de Cronbach para a escala total foi de 0,89). Conclusão: A versão em português europeu do CAPS-CA-5 possui propriedades psicométricas semelhantes à sua versão originalinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Performance of the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytology in multi-institutional large cohort of pediatric thyroid nodules: a detailed analysis

Background: To evaluate the performance of TBSRTC through multi-institutional experience in the paediatric population and questioning the management recommendation of ATA Guidelines Task Force on Paediatric Thyroid Cancer; Methods: A retrospective search was conducted in 4 institutions to identify consecutive thyroid FNAC cases in paediatric population between 2000 and 2018. Following the 2nd TBSRTC, the risk of malignancy ratios (ROMs) was given in ranges and calculated by 2 different ways. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and DA ratios were calculated using histologic diagnosis as the gold standard; Results: Among a total of 405 specimens, the distribution of cases for each category was, 44 (11%) for ND, 204 (50%) for B category, 40 (10%) for AUS/FLUS, 36 (9%) for FN/SFN, 24 (6%) for SFM and 57 (14%) for M categories. 153 cases have a histological diagnosis. The ratio of surgery was 23% in ND, 16% in the B, 45% for AUS/FLUS, 75% for SFN/FN and 92% for SFM and 75% in M categories; Conclusions: The data underlines the high ROM values in paediatric population which might be clinically meaningful. The high rate of malignancy of the cohort of operated patients (50%) also underlines the need of better preoperative indicators for stratification. Considering that more than half of the nodules in AUS/FLUS category were benign, direct surgery recommendation could be questionable as proposed in ATA 2015 guidelines.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Microencapsulation of acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC) AND ciriguela (Spondias purpurea L) mixed juice with different wall materials

The effect of five different mixtures containing xanthan gum (XG), maltodextrin (MD) and gum arabic (GA) on microencapsulation by spray drying of mixed acerola and ciriguela juice was investigated in order to preserve its contents of ascorbic acid (AA), total phenolic compounds (PC) and total carotenoids (TC), as well as its an tioxidant activity (AO) under different temperatures. All microcapsules produced with the different mixtures showed effective AA retention. Microcapsules produced using the mixtures with the highest and the lowest XG concentrations showed the greatest TC and PC retentions, respectively. As the mixture with MD and the lowest XG concentration ensured the highest AO retention, these microcapsules were stored for 30 days at 5°C, which ensured satisfactory preservation of AA, PC, TC and AO. Examination of their morphology by scanning electron microscopy showed the absence of pores or cracks, which allowed us to infer low oxygen permeability and high oxidative stability

Unidade de Internamento Psiquiátrico para Jovens dos 15 aos 25 Anos: Um Estudo de Follow-up

Introduction: Adolescence and early adulthood are life stages characterized by significant physical, psychological, and social transformations. The transitional age, between 15 and 25 years old, is considered a high-risk period for the development of psychopathology, representing a critical period of opportunities and challenges for mental health intervention. Our objective was to do 4-year follow-up study was conducted on young individuals who were hospitalized during the year 2018 in the acute psychiatric inpatient unit Unidade Partilhada, dedicated to individuals aged 15 to 25 years old. The aim was to assess the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the sample, inpatient characteristics, rehospitalization rate, psychopathological status, quality of life, satisfaction with the provided care, and maintenance of follow-up appointments; establishing relationships between the mentioned variables. Methods: Standardized telephone interviews were conducted using the reduced version of the Mental Health Inventory (MHI) and the World Health Organization’s Abbreviated Instrument for Quality of Life Assessment. Clinical records were also consulted. Results: There was a higher percentage of female patients (52.1%). The discharge diagnosis of mood disorders (54.3%) was significantly higher in females, while psychotic disorders (23.4%) were significantly higher in males (Fisher = 40; p&lt;0.001). The duration of hospitalization (average=16.1 days; SD=13.6 days) was significantly longer for psychotic disorders compared to mood disorders (p=0.009). A percentage of 41.5% of young individuals were readmitted, with 6.3% readmitted within 30 days and 35.2% readmitted within 365 days. At the time of the follow-up interview, 80.9% considered themselves “better,” and 62.7% reported being “satisfied” or “very satisfied” with their lives. A percentage of 74.5% continued to receive outpatient care, with significantly lower MHI scores observed among individuals without current follow‐up. A percentage of 37.2% reported being “very satisfied” or “extremely satisfied” with the care provided. Conclusion: Obtaining knowledge and data that allow for the characterization of psychiatric hospitalization during the transitional age is fundamental for the planning, organization, and optimization of care provided to this population. Valuing patient opinions and fostering closer relationships between healthcare professionals and young patients promotes treatment adherence.Introdução: A adolescência e início da idade adulta, são fases do ciclo de vida marcadas por grandes transformações físicas, psicológicas e sociais. A faixa etária de transição, entre os15 e 25 anos, é considerada uma idade de risco para o desenvolvimento de psicopatologia, representando um período crítico de oportunidades e desafios para a intervenção em saúde mental. O nosso objetivo foi realizar um estudo de follow-up a 4 anos dos jovens internados durante o ano de 2018 na unidade de internamento agudo psiquiátrico Unidade Partilhada, destinado a jovens dos 15 aos 25anos de idade; pretendeu‐se avaliar as características sociodemográficas e clínicas da amostra, as características do internamento, a taxa de reinternamento, o estado psicopatológico, qualidade de vida, grau de satisfação com os cuidados prestados e manutenção do seguimento em consulta; estabelecendo relações entre as variáveis mencionadasMétodos: Entrevista telefónica padronizada, com aplicação da versão reduzida do Mental Health Inventory (MHI) e o Instrumento Abreviado de Avaliação da Qualidade de Vida da Organização Mundial de Saúde; consulta de processo clínico.Resultados: Há uma maior percentagem de doentes do sexo feminino (52,1%). O diagnóstico de alta de perturbaçãodo humor (54,3%) foi significativamente superior no sexo feminino e o de perturbação psicótica (23,4%) foi significativamente superior no sexo masculino (Fisher= 40; p&lt;0,001). A duração do internamento (média=16,1 dias; DP=13,6 dias) foi significativamente superior para as perturbações psicóticas em comparação com as perturbações do humor (p=0,009). Dos jovens, 41,5% foram readmitidos, 6,3% num período inferior a 30 dias e 35,2% num período inferior a 365 dias. À data da entrevista de follow-up, 80,9% consideram estar “melhor”; e 62,7% estar “satisfeitos”ou “muito satisfeitos” com a sua vida. Mantêm acompanhamento em consulta 74,5%, sendo a pontuação do MHI significativamente inferior nos jovens sem seguimento atual. Referem estar “muito satisfeitos” ou “mais que muito” com o atendimento prestado, 37,2%.Conclusão: O conhecimento e obtenção de dados que permitam a caracterização do internamento psiquiátrico em idade de transição é fundamental para a planificação, organização e otimização dos cuidados prestados a esta população. A valorização da opinião do doente e a aproximação entre profissionais de saúde e doentes jovens, favorece a adesão ao tratamento

Impacto do Confinamento em Crianças e Adolescentes

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Development of a Checklist of Potentially Traumatic Events in Children and Adolescents (CEPT-CA)

Funding Information: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. G.C. was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) through a PhD Scholarship (SFRH/BD/130210/2017); also by grant FCT-PTDC/MED-NEU/31331/2017, funded by FCT/MCTES.Introduction: Since exposure to potentially traumatic events during childhood and adolescence has been shown to be very common, its screening is very important. Our aim was to develop a self-assessment checklist to perform screening of potentially traumatic events in childhood and adolescence. Methods: The development of the Checklist of Potentially Traumatic Events in Children and Adolescents (CEPT-CA) was based on: (a) the structure of Life Events Checklist that has been translated, back-translated, and adapted; (b) recommendations of renowned entities about trauma in childhood; (c) particularities of potentially traumatic events in childhood; (d) adapting the language to the target population's age group; (e) Portugal's sociocultural context. The preliminary version of the CEPT-CA was again discussed with the Review Committee. Subsequently, a pre-test was carried out with 30 children/adolescents between the ages of 7 and 18 years. Results: The CEPT-CA includes the assessment of 16 potentially traumatic events. It also includes a 17th item, in which "any other very difficult/stressful event"may be added. Each event can be selected according to "It happened to me,""I saw it happen to someone else,""They told me,""I'm not sure,"and "Not applicable."The mean time to complete the questionnaire was 9 min. Conclusion: This pioneering study presents a checklist of potentially traumatic events in childhood/adolescence. This tool is useful for tracking these traumatic events, thereby allowing an early and specific assessment and intervention.publishersversionepub_ahead_of_prin

Perturbações de ansiedade na infância – a perceção das crianças e dos pais

As perturbações de ansiedade estão entre as condições psiquiátricas da infância e adolescência mais comuns, condicionando uma redução do funcionamento global da criança, a nível académico, familiar e social, assim como um risco aumentado para patologias psiquiátricas comórbidas ao longo de toda a sua vida. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a perceção das crianças e dos seus pais em relação à prevalência das perturbações de ansiedade e possíveis fatores associados. A população estudada envolveu todos os alunos do 5º ano de escolaridade do Agrupamento de Escolas Grão Vasco e os respetivos pais. Como instrumentos de medida foram utilizados os questionários SCARED-R, versão para crianças e versão para pais, respetivamente. Foi realizada análise da consistência interna de escalas, estatística descritiva, teste t-Student, teste ANOVA e teste do Qui-quadrado, tendo sido considerados significativos os valores de p<0.05. Verificou-se que, globalmente, as crianças referem níveis de ansiedade superiores àqueles percecionados pelos seus pais, com uma prevalência de 19% segundo as respostas das crianças, mas de apenas 9% segundo a perceção dos pais. De forma geral, não houve relação significativa com a idade, sexo ou nível de desempenho escolar, embora pareça haver uma predominância do sexo masculino e uma relação inversa entre os níveis de ansiedade das crianças e o seu desempenho escolar. Desta forma, consideram-se necessárias medidas psicoeducativas destinadas a aumentar o reconhecimento destas condições por parte dos cuidadores, de maneira a instaurar precocemente o tratamento adequado e reduzir o compromisso funcional associado, a curto e longo prazo.Anxiety disorders are one of the most common psychiatric conditions of childhood and adolescence, which leads to a reduction on the child’s overall academic, family and social functioning, as well as an increased risk for life-long comorbid psychiatric disorders. The aim of the present study was to compare the perception of children and their parents regarding the prevalence of anxiety disorders and possible associated factors. Our study involved all students of the 5th year of the Grão Vasco School Group and their parents. Each group completed the the SCARED-R questionnaires, version for children and version for parents, respectively. Analysis of the internal consistency of scales, descriptive statistics, Student’s t-test, ANOVA test and Chi-square test were performed, with p<0.05 being considered significant. In general, children reported anxiety levels higher than those perceived by their parents, with a prevalence of 19% according to the children’s responses, but only 9% according to the parents’ perception. Overall, there were no significant differences regarding age, gender or level of school performance, although there seems to be a predominance for males and an inverse relationship between children anxiety levels and their school performance. Thus, psychoeducational measures aimed at increasing caregivers’ recognition of these conditions are needed to promptly establish appropriate treatment and reduce the associated functional impairment in short and long term.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio