Mapping Wind Direction with HF Radar

The article of record as published may be found at https://www.jstor.org/stable/43924806Office of Naval ResearchH.C. Graber acknowledges the sup- port by the Office of Naval Research through grant N00014-94-1-1016 (DUCK94)

Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 26, No. 2

• Battalion Day: Militia Exercise and Frolic in Pennsylvania Before the Civil War • Folklore in the Library: Cherished Memories of Old Lancaster • Widows\u27 Wills for Philadelphia County, 1750-1784: A Study of Pennsylvania German Folklife • Forest County Lore • The Big Valley Amish of Central Pennsylvania: A Community of Cultural Contrasts • Maurice A. Mook (1904-1973): An Appreciation • Collectanea: Ore-Mining and Basket-Making in Maxatawny ; The Sharadin Tannery at Kutztown ; Occult Lore Recorded in Cumberland County • German Immigrants in America as Presented in Travel Accounts • The Pie and Related Forms in Pennsylvania Cuisine: Folk-Cultural Questionnaire No. 46https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/1071/thumbnail.jp

Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 25, No. 3

• The Pennsylvania Germans and the American Revolution • The Blooming Grove Colony • The Salebill • The Schlegel Family and the Rosicrucian Movement • A Log Settler\u27s Fort/Home • Pennsylvania Dutch Studies at Ursinus College, 1976 • The Country Sale: Folk-Cultural Questionnaire No. 43https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/1067/thumbnail.jp

Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 21, No. 3

• The Ukrainian Pysanka and Other Decorated Easter Eggs in Pennsylvania • The Development of Folklife Research in the United Kingdom • Just a Bone • Pennsylvania German Astronomy and Astrology: Almanacs • Central Pennsylvania Fishing Spears • Spatial Development of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Plain Dutch Community to 1970: Part II • 18th-Century Emigrants from the Palatinate, Lower Alsace, and Rheinhessen • Tobacco and Tobacco Culture: Folk-Cultural Questionnaire No. 23https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/1047/thumbnail.jp

Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 30, No. 3

• The Good Life on Grandfather\u27s Farm • The Folklore of Local History • Pennsylvania-Palatinate Informal Folk Cultural Exchanges • Maria Assunta: Berwick\u27s Italian Religious Festival • Aldes un Neies / Old & Newhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/1091/thumbnail.jp

HO_x chemistry during INTEX-A 2004: Observation, model calculation, and comparison with previous studies

OH and HO_2 were measured with the Airborne Tropospheric Hydrogen Oxides Sensor (ATHOS) as part of a large measurement suite from the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-A (INTEX-A). This mission, which was conducted mainly over North America and the western Atlantic Ocean in summer 2004, was an excellent test of atmospheric oxidation chemistry. The HOx results from INTEX-A are compared to those from previous campaigns and to results for other related measurements from INTEX-A. Throughout the troposphere, observed OH was generally 0.95 of modeled OH; below 8 km, observed HO_2 was generally 1.20 of modeled HO_2. This observed-to-modeled comparison is similar to that for TRACE-P, another midlatitude study for which the median observed-to-modeled ratio was 1.08 for OH and 1.34 for HO_2, and to that for PEM-TB, a tropical study for which the median observed-to-modeled ratio was 1.17 for OH and 0.97 for HO_2. HO_2 behavior above 8 km was markedly different. The observed-to-modeled HO_2 ratio increased from ∼1.2 at 8 km to ∼3 at 11 km with the observed-to-modeled ratio correlating with NO. Above 8 km, the observed-to-modeled HO_2 and observed NO were both considerably greater than observations from previous campaigns. In addition, the observed-to-modeled HO_2/OH, which is sensitive to cycling reactions between OH and HO_2, increased from ∼1.5 at 8 km to almost 3.5 at 11 km. These discrepancies suggest a large unknown HO_x source and additional reactants that cycle HO_x from OH to HO_2. In the continental planetary boundary layer, the observed-to-modeled OH ratio increased from 1 when isoprene was less than 0.1 ppbv to over 4 when isoprene was greater than 2 ppbv, suggesting that forests throughout the United States are emitting unknown HO_x sources. Progress in resolving these discrepancies requires a focused research activity devoted to further examination of possible unknown OH sinks and HO_x sources

HOx Observation and Model Comparison During INTEX-A 2004

OH and HO2 were measured with the Airborne Tropospheric Hydrogen Oxides Sensor (ATHOS) as part of a large measurement suite from the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment - A (INTEX-A). This mission, which was conducted mainly over North America and the western Atlantic Ocean in summer 2004, was an excellent test of atmospheric oxidation chemistry. Throughout the troposphere, observed OH was generally 0.60 of the modeled OH; below 8 km, observed HO2 was generally 0.78 of modeled HO2. If the over-prediction of tropospheric OH is not due to an instrument calibration error, then it implied less global tropospheric oxidation capacity and longer lifetimes for gases like methane and methyl chloroform than currently thought. This discrepancy falls well outside uncertainties in both the OH measurement and rate coefficients for known reactions and points to a large unknown OH loss. If the modeled OH is forced to agree with observed values by introducing of an undefined OH loss that removed HOx (HOx=OH+HO2), the observed and modeled HO2 and HO2/OH ratios are largely reconciled within the measurement uncertainty. HO2 behavior above 8 km was markedly different. The observed-to-modeled ratio correlating with NO. The observed-to-modeled HO2 ratio increased from approximately 1 at 8 km to more than approximately 2.5 at 11 km with the observed-to-modeled ratio correlating with NO. The observed-to-modeled HO2 and NO were both considerably greater than observations from previous campaigns. In addition, the observed-to-modeled HO2/OH, which is sensitive to cycling reactions between OH and HO2, increased from approximately 1.2 at 8 km to almost 4 above 11 km. In contrast to the lower atmosphere, these discrepancies above 8 km suggest a large unknown HOx source and additional reactants that cycle HOx from OH to HO2. In the continental planetary boundary layer, the OH observed-to-modeled ratio increased from 0.6 when isoprene was less than 0.1 ppbv to over 3 when isoprene was greater than 2 ppbv, suggesting that forests throughout the United States are emitting unknown HOx sources. Progress in resolving these discrepancies requires further examinations of possible unknown OH sinks and HOx sources and a focused research activity devoted to ascertaining the accuracy of the OH and HO2 measurements

Variability of the Kuroshio Current south of Sagami Bay as observed using long-range coastal HF radars

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004132Ocean surface currents between Cape Nojima and Hachijo Island have been mapped since fall 2000 using a pair of SeaSonde long-range HF radars. During September 2000 through December 2001, the no large meander (NLM) nearshore (n) and offshore (o) modes were observed. The surface current maps allowed new details to be observed in the structure of these modes and the transitions between them. Two noteworthy phenomena include blocking of the surface currents when the Kuroshio was in an extreme nearshore position behind the Zenisu Ridge and the ‘‘Kyucho’’ pattern when the current retroflexed from the NLMo position. In early 2004, a large meander (LM) developed and was well established in its historical position south of Honshu by August 2004. Subsequently, the LM continued propagating downstream, but stopped when it encountered the Izu Ridge. It then moved back to its original position near 137.5 E, and the process repeated itself. This east-west oscillation resulted in two common positions for the LM south of Sagami Bay: from its more westerly position (LMw, for west) the Kuroshio had a very favorable approach to the deep gap between Miyake Island and the Zenisu Ridge, and the currents were strongly toward the northeast through the region. When the meander moved up against the ridge (LMe, for east), a strong along-ridge current toward the northwest was evident, which turned sharply northeast when it encountered the shallow Zenisu Ridge. The dominant timescale for this within-mode variability was about 30 days

An intercomparison of aircraft instrumentation for tropospheric measurements of carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon disulfide

This paper reports results of NASA's Chemical Instrumentation and Test Evaluation (CITE 3) during which airborne measurements for carbonyl sulfide (COS), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and carbon disulfide (CS2) were intercompared. Instrumentation included a gas chromatograph using flame photometric detection (COS, H2S, and CS2), a gas chromatograph using mass spectrometric detection (COS and CS2), a gas chromatograph using fluorination and subsequent SF6 detection via electron capture (COS and CS2), and the Natusch technique (H2S). The measurements were made over the Atlantic Ocean east of North and South America during flights from NASA's Wallops Flight Center, Virginia, and Natal, Brazil, in August/September 1989. Most of the intercomparisons for H2S and CS2 were at mixing ratios <25 pptv and <10 pptv, respectively, with a maximum mixing ratio of about 100 pptv and 50 pptv, respectively. Carbonyl sulfide intercomparisons were at mixing ratios between 400 and 600 pptv. Measurements were intercompared from data bases constructed from time periods of simultaneous or overlapping measurements. Agreement among the COS techniques averaged about 5%, and individual measurements were generally within 10%. For H2S and at mixing ratio >25 pptv, the instruments agreed on average to about 15%. At mixing ratios <25 pptv the agreement was about 5 pptv. For CS2 (mixing ratios <50 pptv), two techniques agreed on average to about 4 pptv, and the third exhibited a bias (relative to the other two) that varied in the range of 3–7 pptv. CS2 mixing ratios over the ocean east of Natal as measured by the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer technique were only a few pptv and were below the detection limits of the other two techniques. The CITE 3 data are used to estimate the current uncertainty associated with aircraft measurements of COS, H2S, and CS2 in the remote troposphere