Vagal Blocking for Obesity Control : a Possible Mechanism-Of-Action

14 September 2016 Erratum to: Vagal Blocking for Obesity Control: a Possible Mechanism-Of-Action Helene Johannessen, David Revesz, Yosuke Kodama, Nikki Cassie, Karolina P Skibicka, Perry Barrett, Suzanne Dickson, Jens Holst, Jens Rehfeld, Geoffrey van der Plasse, Roger Adan, Bård Kulseng, Elinor Ben-Menachem, Chun-Mei Zhao, Duan Chen, 2016, 2016. Obesity surgery. In the original article on page 4 the figures are referred to as (Fig. 1b-d) and (Fig. 1e) in the text. The correct reference is (Fig. 1b-e) and (Fig. 1f), respectively. In the original article on page 5 the figures are referred to as (Fig. 3c) and (Fig. 3d) in the text. The correct reference is (Fig. 3c,d) and (Fig. 3e,f), respectively. Peer reviewedPostprin

Decoding the retina with the first wave of spikes

International audienceUnderstanding how the retina encodes visual information remains an open question. Using MEAs on salamander retinas, Gollisch & Meister (2008) showed that the relative latencies between some neuron pairs carry sufficient information to identify the phase of square-wave gratings (,. Using gratings of varying phase, spatial frequency, and contrast on mouse retinas, we extended this idea by systematically considering the relative order of all spike latencies, i.e. the shape of the first wave of spikes after stimulus onset. The discrimination task was to identify the phase among gratings of identical spatial frequency. We compared the performance (fraction correct predictions) of our approach under classical Bayesian and LDA decoders to spike count and response latency of each recorded neuron. Best results were obtained for the lowest spatial frequency. There, results showed that the spike count discrimination performance was higher than for latency under both the Bayesian (0,95+-0,02 and 0,75+-0,11 respectively) and LDA (0,95+-0,01 and 0,62+-0,03 respectively) decoders. The first wave of spikes decoder is (0,46+-0,06) less efficient than the spike count. Nevertheless, it accounts for 50% of the overall performance. Interestingly, these results tend to confirm the rank order coding hypothesis (Thorpe & Gautrais, 1998)

The wave of first spikes provides robust spatial cues for retinal information processing

How a population of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) encode the visual scene remains an open question. Several coding strategies have been investigated out of which two main views have emerged: considering RGCs as independent encoders or as synergistic encoders, i.e. when the concerted spiking in a RGC population carries more information than the sum of the information contained in the spiking of individual RGCs. Although the RGCs assumed as independent encode the main information, there is currently a growing body of evidence that considering RGCs as synergistic encoders provides complementary and more precise information. Based on salamander retina recordings, it has been suggested [11] that a code based on di erential spike latencies between RGC pairs could be a powerful mechanism. Here, we have tested this hypothesis in the mammalian retina. We recorded responses to stationary gratings from 469 RGCs in 5 mouse retinas. Interestingly, we did not nd any RGC pairs exhibiting clear latency correlations (presumably due to the presence of spontaneous activity), showing that individual RGC pairs do not provide su cient information in our conditions. However considering the whole RGC population, we show that the shape of the wave of rst spikes (WFS) successfully encodes for spatial cues. To quantify its coding capabilities, we performed a discrimination task and we showed that the WFS was more robust to the spontaneous ring than the absolute latencies are. We also investigated the impact of a post-processing neural layer. The recorded spikes were fed into an arti cial lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) layer. We found that the WFS is not only preserved but even re ned through the LGN-like layer, while classical independent coding strategies become impaired. These ndings suggest that even at the level of the retina, the WFS provides a reliable strategy to encode spatial cues.Comment une population de cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (RGC) encode la scène visuelle reste une question ouverte. Plusieurs stratégies de codage ont été étudiés à partir desquelles deux principales vues ont émergé: considérer les RGCs en tant que encodeurs indépendants ou en tant que encodeurs synergique; c'est à dire lorsque la réponse concertée dans une population de RGCs contient plus d'informations que la somme des informations contenues dans les réponses individuelles. Bien que en considérant les RGCs comme des encodeurs indépendants donne accès à l'information principale, il existe actuellement un nombre croissant de preuves qui montrent que considérer les RGCs comme des encodeurs synergiques fournit des informations complémentaires et plus précises. Basé sur des enregistrements de la rétine de salamandre, il a été suggéré [11] qu'un code basé sur les di érences entre les latences des paires de RGCs pourrait être un mécanisme puissant. Ici, nous avons testé cette hypothèse dans la rétine de mammifère. Nous avons enregistré les réponses de 469 RGCs de 5 rétines de souris. Fait intéressant, nous n'avons pas trouvé de paires de RGCs présentant des corrélations de latence claires (probablement en raison de la présence d'une forte activité spontanée). Cela montre que les paires de RGCs individuelles ne fournissent pas su samment d'informations dans nos conditions. Toutefois, en considérant la population de RGCs, nous avons montré que la forme de la première vague de potentiels d'action (WFS) code avec succès des indices spatiaux. Pour quanti er ses capacités de codage, nous avons réalisé une tâche de discrimination et nous avons montré que la WFS était plus robuste à l'activitée spontannée que les latences absolues. Nous avons également étudié l'impact du traitement par une couche de neurones. Les réponses enregistrées ont été introduits dans une couche de corps géniculé latéral arti ciel (LGN). Nous avons constaté que la WFS est non seulement préservée mais mÃame ra née à travers la couche LGN, tandis que les stratégies classiques de codage indépendant deviennent altérées. Ces résultats suggèrent que, même au niveau de la rétine, la WFS propose une stratégie able pour coder l'information visuelle

Search for Nanosecond Near-infrared Transients around 1280 Celestial Objects

Stars and planetary system

P-Selectin and P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand 1 Are Major Determinants for Th1 Cell Recruitment to Nonlymphoid Effector Sites in the Intestinal Lamina Propria

The recruitment of activated T cell subsets to sites of effector immune responses is mediated by homing receptors induced upon activation in secondary lymphoid tissue. Using an adoptive transfer model, the intestinal recruitment of CD4+ T cells activated with intraperitoneal antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant was examined. The data demonstrate that activated CD4+ T cells recruited to intestinal Peyer's patches (PP) and lamina propria (LP) up-regulate functional P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1). Blockade of IL-12 inhibited functional PSGL-1 expression and reduced PP and LP CD4+ T cell recruitment by >40%. P-Selectin blockade reduced LP recruitment of activated cells by 56% without affecting PP recruitment. Studies of mice examined 3 d after adoptive transfer of differentiated T cell subsets revealed that Th1 but not Th2 cells were recruited to small intestine PP and LP. Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule blockade reduced Th1 recruitment to PP by 90% and to LP by >72%, whereas P-selectin blockade reduced Th1 recruitment to PP by 18% and Th1 recruitment to LP by 84%. These data suggest that IL-12–induced functional PSGL-1 expression is a major determinant for the recruitment of Th1 effector cells to noninflamed as well as inflamed intestine

GoMiner: a resource for biological interpretation of genomic and proteomic data

We have developed GoMiner, a program package that organizes lists of 'interesting' genes (for example, under- and overexpressed genes from a microarray experiment) for biological interpretation in the context of the Gene Ontology. GoMiner provides quantitative and statistical output files and two useful visualizations. The first is a tree-like structure analogous to that in the AmiGO browser and the second is a compact, dynamically interactive 'directed acyclic graph'. Genes displayed in GoMiner are linked to major public bioinformatics resources