Visible light harvesting alkyne hydrosilylation mediated by pincer platinum complexe

In this manuscript we assess the catalytic properties of pincer platinum complexes in alkyne hydrosilylation either under photo or thermal conditions. The visible light-induced hydrosilylation proved to be more efficient. It can be performed at room temperature and required lower catalyst loadings than that operating under thermal conditions. The platinum complexes play a dual role in photohydrosilylation as serve as a photosensitizer and a catalyst enabling species in bond breaking/forming transformations. In addition, alkyne hydrosilylation is achieved with moderate regio- and stereoselectivity but is enhanced under photocatalytic conditions and in the case of terminal alkynes we have observed the formation of β(Z) products not observable under thermal conditions. Such differences in selectivity constitute an example of stereodivergent catalysis dictated under photochemical or thermal conditions. The selectivity differences are ascribed to a distinctive reaction mechanism for the light- vs thermally-induced process that involve radical or organometallic intermediates, respectively.MICIU/AEI/FEDER (PID2021-126071OB-C22 and PID2019-104121GB-I00). Universitat Jaume I (UJI-B2022-23). Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEU/2020/028).Thanks to PID2021-126071OB-C22 and PID2019-104121GB-I00 funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER “Una manera de hacer Europa”. Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEU/2020/028) and Universitat Jaume I (UJI-B2022-23). L. I-I. thanks MICIN for grant (FPU20/04385). The authors thank ‘Servei Central d’Instrumentació Científica (SCIC) de la Universitat Jaume I’

Technology use and profitability analysis of the production system of tejocote (Crataegus spp.) in Sierra Nevada, Puebla

ABSTRACT Objective. The objective of this research was to analyze use of agricultural technology and profitability of the tejocote production system and its explanatory factors, in order to identify actions to increase the fruit growers income. Methodology. Two patterns were used (producers that carry out good phytosanitary practices and producers that export). A stratified sample of 90 fruit growers was obtained with 95% reliability and 10% precision. Subsequently, a survey was carried out, and with the data the profitability of tejocote production was calculated. In addition, the explanatory factors of profitability were identified using a multiple regression model. Results. Profitability, measured with the Benefit-Cost indicator, ranged from 0.13 to 2.38, and an average of 0.84. In the scenario of not accounting for family labor and depreciation of infrastructure, a Benefit-Cost Ratio is achieved from 0.35 to 6.37, with an average of 1.90. The use of technology, measured by the technological index (IT) in the cultivation of tejocote, it was significant to improve profitability. The average profitability of the high IT stratum is different from the average profitability of the medium and low IT strata. In addition, the explanatory factors of profitability that shows significant (p≤0.05) were the technological index, phytosanitary control, training, schooling and size of the plantation. Limitations. Most producers do not keep a record of production activities and costs. Likewise, in the analysis of economic profitability it is difficult to assess indirect benefits, intangible benefits and externalities. Conclusions. It was found that the tejocote activity is profitable for producers who use more technology and have a greater number of trees in production. The variables that most impact profitability were the use of technology, fitosanitary, the size of the plantation and training.  Objective: The objective of this research was to analyze the use of agricultural technology and the profitability of the tejocote (Crataegus spp.)  production system and its explanatory factors, in order to identify actions to increase the income of fruit growers. Design/methodology/approach: Two patterns were used (producers who carry out good phytosanitary practices and producers who export). A stratified sample of 90 fruit growers was obtained, with 95% reliability and 10% accuracy. Subsequently, a survey was carried out and the profitability of tejocote production was calculated with the data. In addition, the explanatory factors of profitability were identified using a multiple regression model. Results: Profitability, measured with the Benefit-Cost indicator, ranged from 0.13 to 2.38, and an average of 0.84. In the scenario of not accounting for family labor or depreciation of infrastructure, a Benefit-Cost Ratio from 0.35 to 6.37 is achieved, with an average of 1.90. The use of technology, measured by the technological index (TI) in the cultivation of tejocote was significant to improve profitability. The average profitability of the high TI stratum is different from the average profitability of the medium and low TI strata. In addition, the explanatory factors of profitability that were significant (p≤0.05) were technological index, phytosanitary control, training, schooling and size of the plantation. Study limitations: Most producers do not keep a record of production activities and costs. Likewise, in the analysis of economic profitability it is difficult to assess indirect benefits, intangible benefits and externalities. Findings/Conclusions: It was found that the tejocote activity is profitable for producers who use more technology and have a greater number of trees in production. The variables that most impact profitability were use of technology, phytosanitary control, size of the plantation, and training

Longitudinal relationship of liver injury with inflammation biomarkers in COVID-19 hospitalized patients using a joint modeling approach

The mechanisms underlying liver disease in patients with COVID-19 are not entirely known. The aim is to investigate, by means of novel statistical techniques, the changes over time in the relationship between inflammation markers and liver damage markers in relation to survival in COVID-19. The study included 221 consecutive patients admitted to the hospital during the first COVID-19 wave in Spain. Generalized additive mixed models were used to investigate the influence of time and inflammation markers on liver damage markers in relation to survival. Joint modeling regression was used to evaluate the temporal correlations between inflammation markers (serum C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-6, plasma D-dimer, and blood lymphocyte count) and liver damage markers, after adjusting for age, sex, and therapy. The patients who died showed a significant elevation in serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase levels over time. Conversely, a decrease in serum AST levels was observed in the survivors, who showed a negative correlation between inflammation markers and liver damage markers (CRP with serum AST, alanine transaminase [ALT], and gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT]; and D-dimer with AST and ALT) after a week of hospitalization. Conversely, most correlations were positive in the patients who died, except lymphocyte count, which was negatively correlated with AST, GGT, and alkaline phosphatase. These correlations were attenuated with age. The patients who died during COVID-19 infection displayed a significant elevation of liver damage markers, which is correlated with inflammation markers over time. These results are consistent with the role of systemic inflammation in liver damage during COVID-19S

Competitividad de dos sistemas de producción-beneficiado de vainilla en la región del Totonacapan (Puebla - Veracruz)

Bajo el enfoque de sistemas y mediante la técnica no paramétrica chi cuadrada X², se estableció la asociación entre un conjunto de variables climáticas y tecnológicas con el rendimiento de la plantaciones de vainilla en la región del Totonacapan que permitió realizar una caracterización de los sistemas de producción de Vanilla planifolia A., bajo naranjo y malla sombra. La información fue recopilada de una muestra de 99 productores de vainilla verde y 6 beneficiadores de la región determinada través de un muestreo simple aleatorio. El análisis de competitividad de los sistemas de producción bajo naranjo y malla sombra, y de los sistemas de beneficiado “bajo sol” y con horno calorífico, se realizó mediante la aplicación de la Matriz de Análisis de Política. Los resultados señalan que el sistema de producción de vainilla bajo naranjo aún siendo afectado por los instrumentos de política económica es rentable para el productor, al igual que el sistema de beneficiado “bajo sol”, contrario al sistema en malla sombra. Ambos sistemas son competitivos dado que hay un uso eficiente de los factores internos (mano de obra, capital y tierra) de la producción. El sistema de beneficiado con horno calorífico es rentable para el beneficiador no obstante en términos económicos se vuelve no competitivo._________Under the approach of systems and applying the Nonparametric technique of chi square X², it was established the association between a set of techniques production and climate variables with the yield of the vanilla plantations in the Totonacapan region that allowed a characterization of Vanilla planifolia A. production systems on orange tree and mesh shade. The information was obtained from a sample size of 99 producers of bean vanilla and 6 beneficiary of the region determined through a simple random sampling. The analysis of competitiveness of vanilla production systems on orange tree and mesh shade, and the system of benefited "under the sun" and with furnace heat, was conducted using the methodology of the Policy Analysis Matrix. The results indicated that the vanilla production system on orange tree still being affected by the instruments of economic policy is profitable for the farmer, like the system benefited "under the sun" as opposed to system in mesh shade. Both systems are competitive because there is an efficient use of internal factors (labor, capital and land) of production. The system of benefited with furnace heat is profitable however in economic terms, becomes non- competitive.Tesis ( Maestría en Ciencias, especialista en Estrategias para el Desarrollo Agricola Regional).- Colegio de Postgraduados, 2008.CONACY

Caracterización de los productores y dinámica de adopción de innovación en el municipio de Villa Victoria, estado de méxico

En la cadena productiva ovinos el eslabón primario está integrado por diferentes estratos, cuentan con diferentes sistemas de producción y una heterogeneidad en la adopción de innovaciones. Existen innovaciones validadas para el sistema de producción ovina que permiten mejorar la eficiencia de la cría y producción de corderos, sin embargo su adopción dependen de factores endógenos y exógenos, los cuales determinan el avance o estancamiento de los parámetros productivos y reproductivos su unidad de producción pecuaria (UPP). Mediante la aplicación de una Encuesta de Línea Base (ELB) y Encuesta de Línea Final (ELF), se recolectó información técnico-productiva y adopción de innovaciones, mediante la cual se caracterizó al productor, se analizó la estructura de las unidades de producción y la dinámica de la innovación. El Índice de Adopción de Innovaciones (INAI) y la Brecha de Adopción de Innovaciones indican que tras la capacitación y asistencia técnica proporcionada por una agencia de servicios de extensión los productores de ovinos de la región de Villa Victoria lograron adoptar innovaciones que incidieron en los parámetros productivos y reproductivos de las UPP. Los parámetros productivos tuvieron un avance significativo al aumentar el porcentaje de destete de 47 a 74 %, disminuyó el porcentaje de mortalidad al destete y mortalidad en adultos un 26 % y 3.9 % respectivamente. Se registró un aumento en la fertilidad de 69.5 a 79 %, la prolificidad incrementó un 9.8 % y el intervalo entre partos disminuyó un mes aproximadamente. Con base en el INAI se determinaron tres estratos de productores de ovinos en función de sus años de experiencia en la actividad, y mediante el análisis de varianza con el programa SAS

Determinación del uso potencial agrícola mediante modelación geoespacial y análisis multicriterio para la cuenca balsas mezcala

El uso de sistemas de información geográficas (SIG), facilita modelar información específica permitiendo mayor rapidez, menor costo y precisión para la planeación de las actividades agrícolas de grandes extensiones territoriales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue utilizar los SIG como apoyo para el planteamiento del uso potencial del suelo de la cuenca Balsas Mezcala; se utilizó la técnica de análisis multicriterio, que permite considerar problemas de decisión con múltiples objetivos y criterios del tipo geopedológicos (geomorfología y suelo), climatología (modelos térmicos y pluviométricos) y los requerimientos edafo-climatológicos de los cultivos. La región hidrológica Balsas Mezcala localizada en los estados de Guerrero y Puebla se eligió como zona de estudio; a través de material cartográfico se delimito el área y se obtuvo información climática de las estaciones meteorológicas, la información geográfica y bases de datos se recolectaron de distintas dependencias gubernamentales (INEGI, SEMARNAT, CONABIO, CONAGUA, IMTA), dicha información se procesó en el programa ArcGIS versión 10.2.2, para obtener las geodatabases y matrices geoespaciales que sirvieron de insumo cartográfico para el análisis multicriterio. A partir de matrices geoespaciales y datos vectoriales se generaron datos ráster, mismos que fueron sometidos a un proceso de modelación con algoritmos geoestadísticos y a partir de un lenguaje estructurado se identificaron las zonas potenciales con altos niveles de aptitud, a través de los atributos de las variables a las cuales se les asignaron valores de peso utilizando la metodología propuesta por el Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos (USDA) en 1971 y retomado por FAO para estudios de caso desde 1977 como Zonificación Agroecológica (ZAE). El resultado de la modelación con respecto a la aptitud del suelo generó 4 clases con 6 niveles de aptitud (muy apto, apto, moderadamente apto, poco apto, muy poco apto y no apto): tierras con potencial irrigable, tierras para cultivos básicos, tierras para cultivo de hortalizas y tierras para el cultivo de especies de importancia industrial

Dinámica de la innovación y ganancias económicas de la producción de leche en el Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo

The objective was to analyze the dynamics of the use of livestock innovations and their impact on the earnings of the production system of family dairy in the Valle del Mezquital to contribute elements in decision-making and boost productivity of the system. A survey was applied to 66 milk producers selected by simple random sampling. Partial correlation analysis was performed to identify variables that have incidence with earnings variable. Five innovations focused on improving production: silage feeding, artificial insemination, milking, quality analysis and integration into a collective tank. Three strata of producers were defined using the K-means procedure of Minitab, the middle stratum resulted with a higher cost benefit ratio low and high, while higher profits are of the highest stratum. Scale variables as herd size and surface alfalfa found to have high correlation with the gain and with the variables of innovation in nutritional and technical assistance were statistically significant (P < 0.05).El objetivo fue analizar la dinámica del uso de innovaciones pecuarias y su incidencia en las ganancias del sistema de producción de lechería familiar en el Valle del Mezquital para contribuir con elementos en la toma de decisiones e incentivar la productividad de este sistema. Se aplicó una encuesta a 66 productores de leche seleccionados mediante un muestreo simple aleatorio. Se realizó un análisis de correlación parcial para identificar aquellas variables que tuvieran incidencia con la variable ganancia. Cinco innovaciones incidieron en la mejora de la producción: alimentación con ensilado, inseminación artificial, ordeño mecánico, análisis de calidad e integración a un tanque colectivo. Se definieron tres estratos de productores con la ayuda del procedimiento K-medias de Minitab, el estrato medio resulto con una relación beneficio costo mayor que el bajo y el alto, mientras que las mayores utilidades son del estrato alto. Las variables de escala como tamaño del hato y superficie con alfalfa resultaron tener alta correlación con la ganancia y junto a las variables de innovación en aspectos nutricionales y asistencia técnica con significancia estadística (P < 0.05)

Dinámica de la innovación y ganancias económicas de la producción de leche en el Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo

El objetivo fue analizar la dinámica del uso de innovaciones pecuarias y su incidencia en las ganancias del sistema de producción de lechería familiar en el Valle del Mezquital para contribuir con elementos en la toma de decisiones e incentivar la productividad de este sistema. Se aplicó una encuesta a 66 productores de leche seleccionados mediante un muestreo simple aleatorio. Se realizó un análisis de correlación parcial para identificar aquellas variables que tuvieran incidencia con la variable ganancia. Cinco innovaciones incidieron en la mejora de la producción: alimentación con ensilado, inseminación artificial, ordeño mecánico, análisis de calidad e integración a un tanque colectivo. Se definieron tres estratos de productores con la ayuda del procedimiento K-medias de Minitab, el estrato medio resulto con una relación beneficio costo mayor que el bajo y el alto, mientras que las mayores utilidades son del estrato alto. Las variables de escala como tamaño del hato y superficie con alfalfa resultaron tener alta correlación con la ganancia y junto a las variables de innovación en aspectos nutricionales y asistencia técnica con significancia estadística (P<0.05)

CHARACTERIZATION OF PRODUCERS AND DYNAMIC INNOVATION ADOPTION OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF VILLA VICTORIA, STATE OF MEXICO

In the value chain the first link is made up of different layers, they have different production systems and heterogeneity in adopting innovations. There validated innovations for sheep production system that improve the efficiency of breeding and lamb production, however their adoption depends on endogenous and exogenous factors, which determine the progress or stagnation of the productive and reproductive parameters its production unit livestock (UPP). By applying a Baseline Survey (ELB) and Survey Final Line (ELF), technical-productive and innovation adoption data were collected, in which he characterized the producer, the structure of production units, and is analyzed and the dynamics of innovation. The rate of adoption of innovations (INAI) and the Innovation Gap Adoption indicate that after training and technical assistance provided by a service agency extension, sheep producers in the region of Villa Victoria managed to adopt innovations that influenced the parameters productive and reproductive UPP. The production parameters had significant to increase the percentage of weaning 47-74% advance, decreased the percentage of weaning mortality and adult mortality 26% and 3.9% respectively. Fertility increased from 69.5 to 79% was recorded, prolificacy increased by 9.8% and calving interval decreased approximately one month. Based on the INAI three layers of sheep producers they were determined based on their years of experience in the business, and by analysis of variance with SAS program a statistically significant difference (p <0.05) between the ELB and obtained ELF thereby conclude that the intervention (training and technical assistance) managed to generate a dynamic of adoption of innovations allowing more producers enter the productive and reproductive indicators of the UPP