Planck constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio

We present constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r using Planck data. We use the latest release of Planck maps, processed with the NPIPE code, which produces calibrated frequency maps in temperature and polarisation for all Planck channels from 30 GHz to 857 GHz using the same pipeline. We computed constraints on r using the BB angular power spectrum, and we also discuss constraints coming from the TT spectrum. Given Planck?s noise level, the TT spectrum gives constraints on r that are cosmic-variance limited (with ?r?=?0.093), but we show that the marginalised posterior peaks towards negative values of r at about the 1.2? level. We derived Planck constraints using the BB power spectrum at both large angular scales (the ?reionisation bump?) and intermediate angular scales (the ?recombination bump?) from ? = 2 to 150 and find a stronger constraint than that from TT, with ?r?=?0.069. The Planck BB spectrum shows no systematic bias and is compatible with zero, given both the statistical noise and the systematic uncertainties. The likelihood analysis using B modes yields the constraint r<?0.158 at 95% confidence using more than 50% of the sky. This upper limit tightens to r<?0.069 when Planck EE, BB, and EB power spectra are combined consistently, and it tightens further to r<?0.056 when the Planck TT power spectrum is included in the combination. Finally, combining Planck with BICEP2/Keck 2015 data yields an upper limit of r<?0.044.Planck is a project of the European Space Agency (ESA) with instruments provided by two scientific consortia funded by ESA member states and led by Principal Investigators from France and Italy, telescope reflectors provided through a collaboration between ESA and a scientific consortium led and funded by Denmark, and additional contributions from NASA (USA). Some of the results in this paper have been derived using the HEALPix package. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. We gratefully acknowledge support from the CNRS/IN2P3 Computing Center for providing computing and data-processing resources needed for this work

Academic performance in social sciences, after the use of ICT in the learning process

El presente trabajo compendia la investigación titulada “El desempeño académico en Ciencias Sociales, después del uso de las TIC en el proceso de aprendizaje”, contenida dentro del marco teórico correspondiente al efecto de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en el rendimiento académico de los alumnos de grado sexto de una institución educativa técnica del municipio de Neiva. Se realizó desde el enfoque cuantitativo, definiendo un diseño experimental de tipo experimentos puros, que establece la relación entre dos variables; la independiente que corresponde al aprendizaje de las Ciencias Sociales mediados por las TIC, que se constituye en el estímulo y la variable dependiente que corresponde a la mejora en el desempeño académico de estudiantes en el área de Ciencias Sociales. Se realizó la medición del rendimiento con una prueba de reactivos aplicada a los grupos experimental y control, al inicio y al final del desarrollo de la unidad didáctica. El análisis de los resultados logró afirmar la hipótesis de la investigación acerca de que la innovación de los entornos de aprendizajes con el uso de las TIC produce cambios en las competencias cognitivas y de acción de los estudiantes los cuales se ven reflejados en el mejoramiento del desempeño académico.Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey ITESM1. Planteamiento del Problema 9 1.1 Antecedentes del Problema 9 1.2 Planteamiento del Problema 14 1.3 Objetivos de Investigación 16 1.3.1.Objetivo General... ..16 1.3.2. Objetivos Específicos.. 16 1.4 Hipótesis de la Investigación 16 1.5 Justificación 16 1.6 Limitaciones del Estudio 18 2. Marco Teórico 20 2.1. Contexto Conceptual 21 2.1.1 Las tecnologías de la información y comunicación. 21 2.1.2 Las TIC en educación 22 2.1.3 Impacto de las TIC en el aprendizaje.. 25 2.1.4 Aprendizaje mediado por TIC y rendimiento escolar.. 29 2.1.5 Las TIC en el aprendizaje de las Ciencias Sociales. 32 2.1.6 Rol del maestro y del estudiante con el uso de las TIC. 35 2.1.7 Competencias 38 2.1.8 Competencias y evaluación del rendimiento escolar. 43 2.2. Análisis Crítico 44 3. Metodología 49 3.1. Método de investigación 49 3.2. Población y muestra 51 3.3. Marco Contextual 53 3.4. Técnicas de recolección de datos 54 3.5. Aplicación de instrumentos 59 3.6. Captura y análisis de datos 59 4. Resultados y Análisis 61 4.1. Resultados de la investigación 61 4.1.1 Resultados para dar respuesta a la pregunta ¿Cuál es el desempeño académico de los estudiantes de grado sexto en el aprendizaje de las Ciencias Sociales con el uso de las TIC?.............................. 63 4.1.1.1 Resultado del desempeño según escala nacional de valoración. 63 4.1.1.2 Medidas de tendencia central. 65 4.1.1.3 Medidas de dispersión. 66 4.1.1.4 Coeficiente de sesgo y curtosis. 68 4.1.2 Resultados para dar respuesta a la pregunta ¿Cuál es el uso que de las TIC hacen los estudiantes y maestros de sexto grado en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de las Ciencias Sociales en la Institución Educativa Técnico Superior?.. 70 4.2. Análisis de datos 71 4.3. Confiabilidad y validez 74 4.3.1 Grado de dificultad. 74 4.3.2 Índice de discriminación 77 4.3.3 Nivel de confiabilidad. 79 5. Conclusiones y Recomendaciones 82 5.1. Conclusiones 82 5.1.1. Conclusiones respecto a las preguntas de la investigación.. 82 5.1.2. Conclusiones respecto a los objetivos de la investigación. 84 5.2. Nuevas investigaciones para conocer mejor el tema 87 5.3. Limitantes que afectaron el estudio 88 5.3.1. Tiempo de duración del experimento. 88 5.3.2. Falta de desarrollo de competencias TIC en los estudiantes. 88 5.3.3. Problemas de conectividad.. 89 5.3.4. La carencia de un computador en casa de los estudiantes. 89 5.4. Recomendaciones 89 5.4.1. Recomendaciones.. 90 5.4.2. Partes débiles del estudio.. 91 Apéndices 93 Apéndice A. Prueba de reactivos. 93 Apéndice B. Formato de registro de clases 102 Apéndice C. Formato para revisar el registro de clase 103 Apéndice D. Carta de consentimiento del rector de la institución 104 Apéndice E. Autorización de los padres de familia 105 Apéndice F. Consentimiento de los estudiantes 106 Apéndice G. Consolidado Estadístico Grupo Experimental y Control 107 Apéndice H. Registro de Clase Tema 1 108 Apéndice I. Registro de Clase Tema 2 109 Apéndice J. Registro de Clase Tema 3 110 Apéndice K. Registro de Clase Tema 4 111 Apéndice L. Registro de Clase Tema 5 112 Referencias 113 Currículum Vitae 120MaestríaThis work summarizes the research entitled "Academic performance in Social Sciences, after the use of ICT in the learning process", contained within the theoretical framework corresponding to the effect of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the Academic performance of sixth grade students from a technical educational institution in the municipality of Neiva. It was carried out from the quantitative approach, defining an experimental design of the pure experiments type, which establishes the relationship between two variables; the independent one that corresponds to the learning of Social Sciences mediated by ICT, which constitutes the stimulus and the dependent variable that corresponds to the improvement in the academic performance of students in the area of ​​Social Sciences. The performance measurement was carried out with a reagent test applied to the experimental and control groups, at the beginning and at the end of the development of the didactic unit. The analysis of the results managed to affirm the research hypothesis that the innovation of learning environments with the use of ICT produces changes in the cognitive and action skills of the students, which are reflected in the improvement of performance academic.Modalidad Presencia

As expectativas dos jovens em relação ao acompanhamento psicológico

Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Secção de Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde, Núcleo de Psicoterapia Cognitiva-Comportamental e Integrativa), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2017As expectativas referem-se às crenças antecipatórias do cliente, acerca do acompanhamento psicológico (Nock & Kazdin, 2001). Podem referir-se a diferentes aspectos da intervenção como os procedimentos e resultados terapêuticos (Nock & Kazdin, 2001). Deste modo, as expectativas de resultado aludem às crenças dos clientes acerca das consequências da terapia (Constantino, Arnkoff, Glass, Ametrano, & Smith, 2011). São uma área importante pois representam algo que o cliente traz consigo na primeira sessão, e podem influenciar a forma como se vão comportar nas sessões (Batista 2010), tal como o nível de compromisso relativamente ao processo e os resultados terapêuticos (Dew & Bickman, 2005). A presente investigação pretende analisar quais as expectativas dos jovens relativamente ao processo e resultados terapêuticos, de acordo com diferentes variáveis demográficas, pretendendo-se ainda analisar a evolução das expectativas dos jovens acerca do acompanhamento psicológico, comparando-as no início, a meio e no fim do processo terapêutico. Neste estudo participaram 11 jovens, com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 21 anos, que estavam a iniciar o processo de acompanhamento psicológico. Em termos metodológicos, optou-se por uma metodologia mista, tendo sido aplicados a Escala de Expectativas de Resultado do Acompanhamento Psicológico (Bickman, Athay, Riemer, Lambert, Kelley, Breda, Tempesti, Dew-Reeves, Brannan, & Vides de Andrade, 2010) e o Índice de Expectativas em relação ao Processo de Acompanhamento Psicológico (Bickman, et al. 2010). Para analisar os dados recolhidos recorreu-se à análise de estatística descritiva e à análise qualitativa das respostas. Os resultados mostram que, no início do processo, os jovens apresentaram expectativas entre o nível médio e elevado. Foram encontradas diferenças nas espectativas de acordo com as diversas variáveis demográficas. A análise longitudinal indicou que, no geral, houve uma evolução positiva relativamente às expectativas de resultado.Expectations refer to anticipatory beliefs that clients have about psychotherapy (Nock & Kazdin, 2001). They may refer to different aspects of the intervention like procedures and therapeutic outcome (Nock & Kazdin, 2001). Thus, outcome expectations allude to client’s beliefs about the consequences of therapy (Constantino, Arnkoff, Glass, Ametrano, & Smith, 2011). They are an important area because they represent something that clients bring with them and they can influence the way they behave in sessions (Batista, 2010), as well as the level of commitment to the therapeutic process and outcome (Dew & Bickman, 2005). The present investigation intents to analyze which are the youngster’s expectations about the process and therapeutic outcomes, according to several demographic variables, it is still intended to analyze the evolution of youngster’s expectations about the psychological process, comparing them at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the therapeutic process. This study involved the participation of 11 youngsters, with ages ranging from 12 to 21 years old, that were beginning the process of psychological therapy. In methodological terms, it was opted for a mix methodology, being applied the Youth Treatment Outcome Scale (Bickman, Athay, Riemer, Lambert, Kelley, Breda, Tempesti, Dew-Reeves, Brannan, & Vides de Andrade, 2010) and the Treatment Process Expectation’s Index (Bickman et al., 2010). To analyze the collected data, it was resorted to descriptive statistics and a qualitative analysis of the answers. The data shows that, at the beginning of the process youngsters presented expectations between the moderate and high levels. Differences were found in the expectations according to the several demographic variables. The longitudinal analysis indicated that, in general, there was a positive evolution regarding outcome expectations

“Everything Remains the Same”: Julio Camba Travelling Spain

In the first decades of the twentieth century, the Madrid-based Galician journalist Julio Camba (1882–1962) acquired long-lasting fame as a travel writer thanks to his foreign chronicles published in the Spanish press and subsequently compiled in a series of volumes. La rana viajera [The Travelling Frog] (1920), however, gathers some of the pieces he wrote about Spain. This article examines Camba’s domestic travel writing, which not only provides an excellent insight into significant social and political issues at the time (with references to the rise of sub-state nationalisms and political corruption in the country), but also highlights the similarities between the Restoration period and present-day Spain. Using his characteristic humorous style and subverting pre-existing tropes of travel writing, Camba represents Spanish society by combining criticism of Spain’s economic stagnation and national decay with a centralist view of the country. In particular, his scorn towards the Galician, Catalan and Basque languages and his parodic take on Catalonia’s claims for autonomy shed light on the formation of Spanish nationalism in the decades prior to the Civil War. Drawing on studies on state nationalism (Billig 1995) and Spanish nationalism (Taibo 2014, Delgado 2014) this article examines not only Camba’s own views but the response from contemporary scholarship to his texts

Multiresolution internal template cleaning: an application to the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe 7-yr polarization data

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation data obtained by different experiments contain, besides the desired signal, a superposition of microwave sky contributions. Using a wavelet decomposition on the sphere, we present a fast and robust method to recover the CMB signal from microwave maps. We present an application to the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) polarization data, which shows its good performance, particularly in very polluted regions of the sky. The applied wavelet has the advantages that it requires little computational time in its calculations, it is adapted to the HEALPIX pixelization scheme and it offers the possibility of multiresolution analysis. The decomposition is implemented as part of a fully internal template fitting method, minimizing the variance of the resulting map at each scale. Using a χ2 characterization of the noise, we find that the residuals of the cleaned maps are compatible with those expected from the instrumental noise. The maps are also comparable to those obtained from the WMAP team, but in our case we do not make use of external data sets. In addition, at low resolution, our cleaned maps present a lower level of noise. The E-mode power spectrum [fórmula] is computed at high and low resolutions, and a cross-power spectrum [fórmula] is also calculated from the foreground reduced maps of temperature given by WMAP and our cleaned maps of polarization at high resolution. These spectra are consistent with the power spectra supplied by the WMAP team. We detect the E-mode acoustic peak at ℓ∼ 400, as predicted by the standard ΛCDM model. The B-mode power spectrum [fórmula] is compatible with zero.We acknowledge partial financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación through projects AYA2010-21766-C03-01 and Consolider-Ingenio 2010 CSD2010-00064. RFC is grateful for financial support from Spanish CSIC for a JAE-predoc fellowship. PV is grateful for financial support from the Ramón y Cajal program. We are grateful for the computer resources, technical expertise and assistance provided by the Spanish Supercomputing Network (RES) node at the University of Cantabria.We are grateful for the use of LAMBDA and the assistance provided by Benjamin Gold by e-mail. The HEALPIX package was used throughout the data analysis (G´orski et al. 2005)

Protection scope and limits of copyright and personality rights of image and voice in the context of Brazilian teaching in the face of emergency remote teaching

The protection of copyright and personality rights of image and voice of actors, teachers and students involved in the teaching-learning process has become a widely discussed topic due to emergency remote teaching, adopted by educational institutions throughout Brazil due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, this article aims to identify protection scope and limits of the application of copyright and personality rights of image and voice in the context of Brazilian teaching. Therefore, an exploratory research was carried out with a qualitative approach, applying the deductive method, using bibliographic and documentary researches as a data collection technique, through which an answer to the following question was pursued: What is the protection scope and limits established in the Brazilian legislation aiming at protecting copyright and personality rights of image and voice of actors, teachers and students involved in the teaching-learning process? The research identified that, except for some limits set out in the Copyright Law (CL), the theme is treated in a generic way in the Brazilian legal system, in order to preserve access right to education. Hence, it is necessary a general rule elaboration that prescribes protection scope and limits of copyright and personality rights of image and voice in the context of teaching, establishing guidelines to be followed by educational institutions in the country for the adoption of best practices for protection of copyright and personality rights of image and voice of participants of academic activities, whether these are offered in Virtual Learning Environments (VLE) or in face-to-face format

Unexplained severe portal hypertension in HIV-infected patients: a new clinical entity?

Cases of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension have been reported in HIV-negative patients as a result from exposure to adenosine analogues (e.g. azathioprine), bacterial infections, trace metals and chemicals, genetic coagulation disorders and/or autoimmune diseases. More recently, reports of similar cases in HIV-positive individuals have attracted much attention

Planck 2018 results: II. Low Frequency Instrument data processing

We present a final description of the data-processing pipeline for the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI), implemented for the 2018 data release. Several improvements have been made with respect to the previous release, especially in the calibration process and in the correction of instrumental features such as the effects of nonlinearity in the response of the analogue-to-digital converters. We provide a brief pedagogical introduction to the complete pipeline, as well as a detailed description of the important changes implemented. Self-consistency of the pipeline is demonstrated using dedicated simulations and null tests. We present the final version of the LFI full sky maps at 30, 44, and 70 GHz, both in temperature and polarization, together with a refined estimate of the solar dipole and a final assessment of the main LFI instrumental parameters.Acknowledgements. The Planck Collaboration acknowledges the support of: ESA; CNES and CNRS/INSU-IN2P3-INP (France); ASI, CNR, and INAF (Italy); NASA and DoE (USA); STFC and UKSA (UK); CSIC, MINECO, JA, and RES (Spain); Tekes, AoF, and CSC (Finland); DLR and MPG (Germany); CSA (Canada); DTU Space (Denmark); SER/SSO (Switzerland); RCN (Norway); SFI (Ireland); FCT/MCTES (Portugal); and ERC and PRACE (EU). A description of the Planck Collaboration and a list of its members, indicating which technical or scientific activities they have been involved in, can be found at http://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/planck/. The simulations for systematics assessment used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE, Towns et al. 2014), supported by National Science Foundation grant number ACI-1548562, in particular the Comet Supercomputer at the San Diego Supercomputer Center through allocation AST160021: “Monte Carlo simulations for calibration uncertainty of the Planck mission”, PI A. Zonca, CoPI P. Meinhold

Planck 2018 results: XII. Galactic astrophysics using polarized dust emission

Observations of the submillimetre emission from Galactic dust, in both total intensity I and polarization, have received tremendous interest thanks to the Planck full-sky maps. In this paper we make use of such full-sky maps of dust polarized emission produced from the third public release of Planck data. As the basis for expanding on astrophysical studies of the polarized thermal emission from Galactic dust, we present full-sky maps of the dust polarization fraction p, polarization angle ?, and dispersion function of polarization angles ??. The joint distribution (one-point statistics) of p and NH confirms that the mean and maximum polarization fractions decrease with increasing NH. The uncertainty on the maximum observed polarization fraction, pmax = 22.0?1.4+3.5% at 353 GHz and 80? resolution, is dominated by the uncertainty on the Galactic emission zero level in total intensity, in particular towards diffuse lines of sight at high Galactic latitudes. Furthermore, the inverse behaviour between p and ?? found earlier is seen to be present at high latitudes. This follows the ?????p?1 relationship expected from models of the polarized sky (including numerical simulations of magnetohydrodynamical turbulence) that include effects from only the topology of the turbulent magnetic field, but otherwise have uniform alignment and dust properties. Thus, the statistical properties of p, ?, and ?? for the most part reflect the structure of the Galactic magnetic field. Nevertheless, we search for potential signatures of varying grain alignment and dust properties. First, we analyse the product map ???×?p, looking for residual trends. While the polarization fraction p decreases by a factor of 3?4 between NH?=?1020?cm?2 and NH?=?2?×?1022?cm?2, out of the Galactic plane, this product ???×?p only decreases by about 25%. Because ?? is independent of the grain alignment efficiency, this demonstrates that the systematic decrease in p with NH is determined mostly by the magnetic-field structure and not by a drop in grain alignment. This systematic trend is observed both in the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) and in molecular clouds of the Gould Belt. Second, we look for a dependence of polarization properties on the dust temperature, as we would expect from the radiative alignment torque (RAT) theory. We find no systematic trend of ???×?p with the dust temperature Td, whether in the diffuse ISM or in the molecular clouds of the Gould Belt. In the diffuse ISM, lines of sight with high polarization fraction p and low polarization angle dispersion ?? tend, on the contrary, to have colder dust than lines of sight with low p and high ??. We also compare the Planck thermal dust polarization with starlight polarization data in the visible at high Galactic latitudes. The agreement in polarization angles is remarkable, and is consistent with what we expect from the noise and the observed dispersion of polarization angles in the visible on the scale of the Planck beam. The two polarization emission-to-extinction ratios, RP/p and RS/V, which primarily characterize dust optical properties, have only a weak dependence on the column density, and converge towards the values previously determined for translucent lines of sight. We also determine an upper limit for the polarization fraction in extinction, pV/E(B???V), of 13% at high Galactic latitude, compatible with the polarization fraction p???20% observed at 353 GHz. Taken together, these results provide strong constraints for models of Galactic dust in diffuse gas

Planck 2018 results: IV. Diffuse component separation

We present full-sky maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and polarized synchrotron and thermal dust emission, derived from the third set of Planck frequency maps. These products have significantly lower contamination from instrumental systematic effects than previous versions. The methodologies used to derive these maps follow closely those described in earlier papers, adopting four methods (Commander, NILC, SEVEM, and SMICA) to extract the CMB component, as well as three methods (Commander, GNILC, and SMICA) to extract astrophysical components. Our revised CMB temperature maps agree with corresponding products in the Planck 2015 delivery, whereas the polarization maps exhibit significantly lower large-scale power, reflecting the improved data processing described in companion papers; however, the noise properties of the resulting data products are complicated, and the best available end-to-end simulations exhibit relative biases with respect to the data at the few percent level. Using these maps, we are for the first time able to fit the spectral index of thermal dust independently over 3° regions. We derive a conservative estimate of the mean spectral index of polarized thermal dust emission of ?d?=?1.55? ± ?0.05, where the uncertainty marginalizes both over all known systematic uncertainties and different estimation techniques. For polarized synchrotron emission, we find a mean spectral index of ?s?=??3.1? ± ?0.1, consistent with previously reported measurements. We note that the current data processing does not allow for construction of unbiased single-bolometer maps, and this limits our ability to extract CO emission and correlated components. The foreground results for intensity derived in this paper therefore do not supersede corresponding Planck 2015 products. For polarization the new results supersede the corresponding 2015 products in all respects.The Planck Collaboration acknowledges the support of: ESA; CNES, and CNRS/INSU-IN2P3-INP (France); ASI, CNR, and INAF (Italy); NASA and DoE (USA); STFC and UKSA (UK); CSIC, MINECO, JA, and RES (Spain); Tekes, AoF, and CSC (Finland); DLR and MPG (Germany); CSA (Canada); DTU Space (Denmark); SER/SSO (Switzerland); RCN (Norway); SFI (Ireland); FCT/MCTES (Portugal); ERC and PRACE (EU). A description of the Planck Collaboration and a list of its members, indicating which technical or scientific activities they have been involved in, can be found at http: //www.cosmos.esa.int/web/planck/planck-collaboration. This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement numbers 687312, 776282 and 772253