English indices of deprivation 2010 : technical report

The English indices of deprivation 2010 is the third release in a series of statistics produced to measure multiple forms of deprivation at the small spatial scale. It updates the indices of deprivation 2007 and 2004, retaining broadly the same methodology, domains and indicators. This report outlines the conceptualisation underpinning the model of multiple deprivation used and describes the indicators and domains that make up the indices

QKZ equation with |q|=1 and correlation functions of the XXZ model in the gapless regime

An integral solution to the quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov ($q$KZ) equation with $|q|=1$ is presented. Upon specialization, it leads to a conjectural formula for correlation functions of the XXZ model in the gapless regime. The validity of this conjecture is verified in special cases, including the nearest neighbor correlator with an arbitrary coupling constant, and general correlators in the XXX and XY limits

Towards a novel carbon device for the treatment of sepsis

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection in which the balance of pro- andanti-inflammatory mediators, which normally isolate and eliminate infection, is disrupted[1]. Gram negative sepsis is initiated by bacterial endotoxin release which activatesmacrophages and circulating monocytes to release TNF and IL-1β followed by IL-6 andother inflammatory cytokines [2]. As the disease progresses, an unregulatedinflammatory response results in, tissue injury, haematological dysfunction and organdysfunction. Severe sepsis, involving organ hypoperfusion may be further complicatedby hypotension that is unresponsive to adequate fluid replacement, resulting in septicshock and finally death [3].Despite improvements in anti-microbial and supportive therapies, sepsis remains asignificant cause of morbidity and mortality in ICUs worldwide [4]. The complexity ofprocesses mediating the progression of sepsis suggests that an extracorporeal devicecombining blood filtration with adsorption of a wide range of toxins, and inflammatorymediators offers the most comprehensive treatment strategy. However, no such deviceexists at present. A novel, uncoated, polymer pyrolysed synthetic carbon device isproposed which combines the superior adsorption properties of uncoated activatedcarbons with the capacity to manipulate porous structure for controlled adsorption oftarget plasma proteins and polypeptides [5]. Preliminary haemocompatibility andadsorptive capacity was assessed using a carbon matrix prototype

Hybrid configuration content of heavy S-wave mesons

We use the non-relativistic expansion of QCD (NRQCD) on the lattice to study the lowest hybrid configuration contribution to the ground state of heavy S-wave mesons. Using lowest-order lattice NRQCD to create the heavy-quark propagators, we form a basis of ``unperturbed'' S-wave and hybrid states. We then apply the lowest-order coupling of the quark spin and chromomagnetic field at an intermediate time slice to create ``mixed'' correlators between the S-wave and hybrid states. From the resulting amplitudes, we extract the off-diagonal element of our two-state Hamiltonian. Diagonalizing this Hamiltonian gives us the admixture of hybrid configuration within the meson ground state. The present effort represents a continuation of previous work: the analysis has been extended to include lattices of varying spacings, source operators having better overlap with the ground states, and the pseudoscalar (along with the vector) channel. Results are presented for bottomonium ($\Upsilon$, $\eta_b^{}$) using three different sets of quenched lattices. We also show results for charmonium ($J/\psi$, $\eta_c^{}$) from one lattice set, although we note that the non-relativistic approximation is not expected to be very good in this case.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, version to appear in Phys Rev

Geometric Suppression of Single-Particle Energy Spacings in Quantum Antidots

Quantum Antidot (AD) structures have remarkable properties in the integer quantum Hall regime, exhibiting Coulomb-blockade charging and the Kondo effect despite their open geometry. In some regimes a simple single-particle (SP) model suffices to describe experimental observations while in others interaction effects are clearly important, although exactly how and why interactions emerge is unclear. We present a combination of experimental data and the results of new calculations concerning SP orbital states which show how the observed suppression of the energy spacing between states can be explained through a full consideration of the AD potential, without requiring any effects due to electron interactions such as the formation of compressible regions composed of multiple states, which may occur at higher magnetic fields. A full understanding of the regimes in which these effects occur is important for the design of devices to coherently manipulate electrons in edge states using AD resonances.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

Urban form strongly mediates the allometric scaling of airshed pollution concentrations

We present allometric-scaling relationships between non-point-source emissions of air pollutants and settlement population, using 3030 urban settlements in Great Britain (home to ca. 80% of the population of that region). Sub-linear scalings (slope  0.6) were found for the oxides of nitrogen (NO _x ) and microscopic airborne particles (PM _10  and PM _2.5 ). That is, emissions of these pollutants from larger cities are lower per capita than would be expected when compared to the same population dispersed in smaller settlements. The scalings of traffic-related emissions are disaggregated into a component due to under-use of roads in small settlements and a fraction due to congestion in large settlements. We use these scalings of emissions, along with a scaling related to urban form, to explain quantitatively how and why urban airshed-average air pollutant concentrations also scale with population. Our predicted concentration scaling with population is strongly sub-linear, with a slope about half that of the emissions scaling, consistent with satellite measurements of NO _2  columns over large cities across Europe. We demonstrate that the urban form of a particular settlement can result in the airshed-average air pollution of that settlement being much larger or smaller than expected. We extend our analysis to predict that the likelihood of occurrence of local air pollution hotspots will scale super-linearly with population, a testable hypothesis that awaits suitable data. Our analysis suggests that coordinated management of emissions and urban form would strongly reduce the likelihood of local pollutant hotspots occurring whilst also ameliorating the urban heat island effect under climate change

Growth of Galactic Bulges by Mergers: I. Dense Satellites

Andredakis, Peletier & Balcells (1995) fit Sersic's law $\mu(r) \sim r^{1/n}$ to the bulges of the Balcells & Peletier (1994) galaxy sample, and infer that $n$ drops with morphological type T from $n \approx$ 4--6 for S0 to $n=1$ (exponential) for Sc's. We use collisionless N body simulations to test the assumption that initially the surface brightness profiles of all bulges were exponential, and that the steepening of the profiles toward the early-types is due to satellite accretion. The results are positive. After the accretion of a satellite, bulge-disk fits show that the bulge grows and that the bulge profile index $n$ increases proportional to the satellite mass. For a satellite as massive as the bulge, $n$ rises from 1 to 4. We present kinematic diagnostics on the remnants and disk thickening. The latter suggests that the bulge growth must have occurred before the last formation of a thin disk in the galaxy. The thick disks created by the merger are reminiscent of thick disks seen in early-type edge-on galaxies. The efficiency of the process suggests that present day bulges of late-type spirals showing exponential profiles cannot have grown significantly by collisionless mergers.Comment: 10 figures (8 poscript and 2 gif). accepted for publication in A&

An analysis of interplanetary solar radio emissions associated with a coronal mass ejection

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large-scale eruptions of magnetized plasma that may cause severe geomagnetic storms if Earth-directed. Here we report a rare instance with comprehensive in situ and remote sensing observa- tions of a CME combining white-light, radio, and plasma measurements from four different vantage points. For the first time, we have successfully applied a radio direction-finding technique to an interplanetary type II burst detected by two identical widely separated radio receivers. The derived locations of the type II and type III bursts are in general agreement with the white light CME recon- struction. We find that the radio emission arises from the flanks of the CME, and are most likely associated with the CME-driven shock. Our work demon- strates the complementarity between radio triangulation and 3D reconstruction techniques for space weather applications

On the equilibrium morphology of systems drawn from spherical collapse experiments

We present a purely theoretical study of the morphological evolution of self-gravitating systems formed through the dissipationless collapse of N-point sources. We explore the effects of resolution in mass and length on the growth of triaxial structures formed by an instability triggered by an excess of radial orbits. We point out that as resolution increases, the equilibria shift, from mildly prolate, to oblate. A number of particles N ~= 100000 or larger is required for convergence of axial aspect ratios. An upper bound for the softening, e ~ 1/256, is also identified. We then study the properties of a set of equilibria formed from scale-free cold initial mass distributions, ro ~ r^-g with 0 <= g <= 2. Oblateness is enhanced for initially more peaked structures (larger values of g). We map the run of density in space and find no evidence for a power-law inner structure when g <= 3/2 down to a mass fraction <~0.1 per cent of the total. However, when 3/2 < g <= 2, the mass profile in equilibrium is well matched by a power law of index ~g out to a mass fraction ~ 10 per cent. We interpret this in terms of less-effective violent relaxation for more peaked profiles when more phase mixing takes place at the centre. We map out the velocity field of the equilibria and note that at small radii the velocity coarse-grained distribution function (DF) is Maxwellian to a very good approximation.Comment: 16 page

Multi-Spacecraft Observations of a Unique Type of High-Latitude ICME

This is the final version. Available on open access from the European Geosciences Union via the DOI in this recordCoronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) and their interplanetary counterparts (ICMEs) are key drivers of space weather throughout the heliosphere. Observational studies are used to understand their evolution and for developing existing models and theory in space weather forecasting. Motivated by the future exploration of the solar high-latitudes by Solar Orbiter and complimented by Parker Solar Probe, we aim to contribute to the understanding of high-latitude CMEs as they develop into ICMEs. We examine a high-latitude CME and its subsequent ICME using data from STEREO, Ulysses, and near-Earth spacecraft. We apply a triangulation method to the remote-sensing images from the twin STEREO spacecraft and conduct a multi-spacecraft analysis using the in-situ Ulysses, STEREO, and near-Earth spacecraft data. The Ulysses observations, supported by the other spacecraft, provides a clear picture of the ICME geometry and structure: a shock, followed by a sheath region, and a magnetic flux rope followed by a high-speed stream. This ICME differs from the known ‘over-expanding’ types observed in the high-latitudes by the Ulysses mission, in that it straddles a region between the slow and fast solar winds which in itself drives a shock