20,923 research outputs found
A Combined Preconditioning Strategy for Nonsymmetric Systems
We present and analyze a class of nonsymmetric preconditioners within a
normal (weighted least-squares) matrix form for use in GMRES to solve
nonsymmetric matrix problems that typically arise in finite element
discretizations. An example of the additive Schwarz method applied to
nonsymmetric but definite matrices is presented for which the abstract
assumptions are verified. A variable preconditioner, combining the original
nonsymmetric one and a weighted least-squares version of it, is shown to be
convergent and provides a viable strategy for using nonsymmetric
preconditioners in practice. Numerical results are included to assess the
theory and the performance of the proposed preconditioners.Comment: 26 pages, 3 figure
Resonance Contributions to Photoproduction on Protons Found Using Dispersion Relations and an Isobar Model
The contributions of the resonances , ,
, , , , ,
to are found from the data on cross
sections, beam and target asymmetries using two approaches: fixed-t dispersion
relations and an isobar model. Utilization of the two approaches and comparison
of the results obtained with different parametrizations of the resonance
contributions allowed us to make conclusions about the model-dependence of
these contributions. We conclude that the results for the contributions of the
resonances , , to corresponding
multipole amplitudes are stable. With this the results for and
, combined with their PDG photoexcitation helicity amplitudes,
allowed us to find the branching ratios , which have significantly
better accuracy than the PDG data. The total Breit-Wigner width of the
is model-dependent, we have obtained and using dispersion relations and the isobar model,
respectively. The results for the , ,
, are model dependent, only the signs and orders
of magnitude of their contributions to multipole amplitudes are determined. The
results for the are strongly model-dependent.Comment: 26 pages, 6 figure
Cavity cooling a single charged nanoparticle
The development of laser cooling coupled with the ability to trap atoms and
ions in electromagnetic fields, has revolutionised atomic and optical physics,
leading to the development of atomic clocks, high-resolution spectroscopy and
applications in quantum simulation and processing. However, complex systems,
such as large molecules and nanoparticles, lack the simple internal resonances
required for laser cooling. Here we report on a hybrid scheme that uses the
external resonance of an optical cavity, combined with radio frequency (RF)
fields, to trap and cool a single charged nanoparticle. An RF Paul trap allows
confinement in vacuum, avoiding instabilities that arise from optical fields
alone, and crucially actively participates in the cooling process. This system
offers great promise for cooling and trapping a wide range of complex charged
particles with applications in precision force sensing, mass spectrometry,
exploration of quantum mechanics at large mass scales and the possibility of
creating large quantum superpositions.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures Updated version includes additional references,
new title, and supplementary information include
Forbidden Ca 2 in the sun unmasked by way of Venus
Eleven high-dispersion spectra of Venus, taken with blue Doppler shifts have permitted the unmasking of the 7323.88A forbidden line of Ca II from terrestrial absorption. An equivalent width is obtained of 7.4 + or - 0.4mA for this line in integrated sunlight. Our value of W sub lambda is smaller than previous values and much more accurate. The HSRA solar model gives a solar calcium abundance of A sub Ca = 6.21
Split-sideband spectroscopy in slowly modulated optomechanics
Optomechanical coupling between the motion of a mechanical oscillator and a
cavity represents a new arena for experimental investigation of quantum effects
on the mesoscopic and macroscopic scale.The motional sidebands of the output of
a cavity offer ultra-sensitive probes of the dynamics. We introduce a scheme
whereby these sidebands split asymmetrically and show how they may be used as
experimental diagnostics and signatures of quantum noise limited dynamics. We
show split-sidebands with controllable asymmetry occur by simultaneously
modulating the light-mechanical coupling and - slowly and out
of-phase. Such modulations are generic but already occur in optically trapped
set-ups where the equilibrium point of the oscillator is varied cyclically. We
analyse recently observed, but overlooked, experimental split-sideband
asymmetries; although not yet in the quantum regime, the data suggests that
split sideband structures are easily accessible to future experiments
Optomechanical cooling of levitated spheres with doubly-resonant fields
Optomechanical cooling of levitated dielectric particles represents a
promising new approach in the quest to cool small mechanical resonators towards
their quantum ground state. We investigate two-mode cooling of levitated
nanospheres in a self-trapping regime. We identify a rich structure of split
sidebands (by a mechanism unrelated to usual strong-coupling effects) and
strong cooling even when one mode is blue detuned. We show the best regimes
occur when both optical fields cooperatively cool and trap the nanosphere,
where cooling rates are over an order of magnitude faster compared to
corresponding single-sideband cooling rates.Comment: 8 Pages, 7 figure
Producing more rice with less water from irrigated systems
Irrigation management / Water use efficiency / Crop production / Water requirements / Water balance / Rice / Water distribution / Irrigated farming / Productivity / On-farm research / Irrigation scheduling / Groundwater / Conjunctive use / Rehabilitation / Modernization / Farmer participation / Farming systems / Irrigation systems / Crop-based irrigation / Asia / Philippines / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh / China / Malaysia / USA
Scaling study of Si/SiGe MODFETs for RF applications
Based on the successful calibration on a 0.25 /spl mu/m strained Si/SiGe n-type MODFET, this paper presents a gate length scaling study of double-side doped Si/SiGe MODFETs. Our simulations show that gate length scaling improves device RF performance. However, the short channel effects (SCE) along with the parasitic delays limit the device performance improvements. We find that it is necessary to consider scaling (dimensions and doping) of both the lateral and vertical architecture in order to optimize the device design
Who uses foodbanks and why? Exploring the impact of financial strain and adverse life events on food insecurity
Background
Rising use of foodbanks highlights food insecurity in the UK. Adverse life events (e.g. unemployment, benefit delays or sanctions) and financial strains are thought to be the drivers of foodbank use. This research aimed to explore who uses foodbanks, and factors associated with increased food insecurity.
Methods
We surveyed those seeking help from front line crisis providers from foodbanks (N = 270) and a comparison group from Advice Centres (ACs) (N = 245) in relation to demographics, adverse life events, financial strain and household food security.
Results
About 55.9% of foodbank users were women and the majority were in receipt of benefits (64.8%). Benefit delays (31.9%), changes (11.1%) and low income (19.6%) were the most common reasons given for referral. Compared to AC users, there were more foodbank users who were single men without children, unemployed, currently homeless, experiencing more financial strain and adverse life events (P = 0.001). Food insecurity was high in both populations, and more severe if they also reported financial strain and adverse life events.
Conclusions
Benefit-related problems appear to be a key reason for foodbank referral. By comparison with other disadvantaged groups, foodbank users experienced more financial strain, adverse life events, both increased the severity of food insecurity
The B Neutrino Spectrum
Knowledge of the energy spectrum of B neutrinos is an important
ingredient for interpreting experiments that detect energetic neutrinos from
the Sun. The neutrino spectrum deviates from the allowed approximation because
of the broad alpha-unstable Be final state and recoil order corrections to
the beta decay. We have measured the total energy of the alpha particles
emitted following the beta decay of B. The measured spectrum is
inconsistent with some previous measurements, in particular with a recent
experiment of comparable precision. The beta decay strength function for the
transition from B to the accessible excitation energies in Be is fit to
the alpha energy spectrum using the R-matrix approach. Both the positron and
neutrino energy spectra, corrected for recoil order effects, are constructed
from the strength function. The positron spectrum is in good agreement with a
previous direct measurement. The neutrino spectrum disagrees with previous
experiments, particularly for neutrino energies above 12 MeV.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures, 4 tables, submitted to Phys. Rev. C, typos
correcte
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