Skin Preparation for Preventing Infection Following Cesarean Section

Abstract Cesarean section (c-section) is becoming a popular option with 32.8% of the population choosing a surgical procedure over a vaginal delivery. Due to the increase of c-sections, infection rates have risen to a rate of 5.4 infections per 100 c-section operations. Surgical site infections are a large risk for any person having an invasive procedure. In our review of literature, we searched for the most advanced methods to reduce the risk of surgical site infections. We searched for various articles comparing iodine and chlorhexidine and found 14 articles that fit our inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria consisted of any literature that included information about surgical site infections, c-sections and preoperative skin preparation methods, along with literature related to iodine or chlorhexidine. Our exclusion criteria consisted of studies done prior to 2004 and articles that focused on intra-operative or post-operative preventative care. The review of literature was limited by three factors: (1) Multiple articles from other countries have researched chlorhexidine and iodine, but were not specific to the United States (2) Limited overlapping research topics between c-sections and surgical site infections (3) The results of the review of literature were not able to be tested. After studying and comparing the articles, the results showed that chlorhexidine is the most advanced antiseptic for preventing a surgical site infection after a c-section. Based on the review of literature, recommendations for the use of chlorhexidine should be enforced in hospitals that use iodine. Keywords: c-section infection, c-section pre-op, iodine vs. chlorhexidine, iodine preoperative care, iodine skin care, chlorhexidine vs. iodine, skin antiseptics, iodine as antiseptic, chlorhexidine and infection, skin pre

Geology of the Cenozoic Indus Basin sedimentary rocks : paleoenvironmental interpretation of sedimentation from the western Himalaya during the early phases of India-Eurasia collision.

This study reassesses the stratigraphy, sedimentology, and provenance of the Indus Basin sedimentary rocks, deposited within the Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone (ITSZ) during the early phases of India‐Eurasia collision. Using field observations, biostratigraphy, and petrographic and isotopic analyses we create a paleodepositional reconstruction within the paleotectonic setting of the early phases of India‐Eurasia collision. We then re‐examine existing constraints to the timing of India‐Eurasia collision previously interpreted from the earliest occurrence of mixed Indian‐ and Eurasian‐derived detritus in the succession. From mid‐Cretaceous to early Paleocene times the Jurutze and Sumda Formations were deposited within an arc‐bounded marine basin between the Dras and Kohistan‐Ladakh Island arcs. The <51 Ma aged deltaic Chogdo Formation then filled the basin until deposition of the 50.8–49.4 Ma aged Nummulitic Limestone during a marine incursion, before continental facies developed in an evolving intermountain basin with the deposition of the Paleogene Indus Group. Within these systems, sediment was sourced from the Eurasian margin to the north and was transported southward into the suture zone. In this section, we see no unequivocal evidence of Indian Plate input to the sedimentary succession (and thus no evidence of mixed Indian‐Eurasian‐derived detritus indicative of India‐Asia collision) until the upper stratigraphic horizons of the Indus Group, when facies are representative of an axial, northwesterly flowing river system. We suggest that the paleo‐Indus River was initiated within the ITSZ during late Oligocene‐early Miocene times. Sedimentation of the Indus Group continued until the late Miocene