Origem e distribuição das artérias coronárias de javalis

The heart of a domestic swine is similar to that of a human regarding anatomy, blood perfusion, and distribution of nurturing arteries. In addition to the similarities, its low cost compared with other species is also one of the reasons these animals have been increasingly used in medical schools and in clinical, surgical, and pharmacological studies. Therefore, we aimed to identify the origin and distribution of the right and left coronary arteries of boars, emphasizing the configuration and macroscopic representativity of their branches while characterizing a possible dominance concerning the type of circulation and the potential use of this animal as an experimental model, hence boars are the ancestors of the domestic pigs. The left coronary artery has bifurcated into paraconal interventricular branch and circumflex branch; or it has trifurcated into paraconal interventricular branch, the oblique branch, and into the left circumflex branch. The right coronary artery has originated the marginal branches to the right ventricle and the right circumflex branch, which has branched out in the subsinuous interventricular branch. Anastomoses have stood out among the paraconal and subsinuous interventricular branches – where a right dominant coronary artery occurred – and between the right and left circumflex branches. We concluded that the morphology and the distribution of the coronary arteries of boars resemble those of a human and, thus, our results are useful for the conception of experimental hemodynamics and possible use as process models.O coração dos suínos domésticos apresenta semelhanças ao dos humanos mediante a anatomia, perfusão sanguínea e configuração da distribuição de suas artérias nutridoras. Tendo um menor custo para sua aquisição quando comparado a outras espécies, e dada sua similaridade apresentada, o uso desses animais nas escolas de medicina, em estudos clínicos, cirúrgicos e farmacológicos tem aumentado. Portanto, objetivou-se identificar a origem e distribuição das artérias coronárias direita e esquerda de javalis com ênfase na configuração e representatividade macroscópica dos ramos derivados das mesmas, caracterizando uma possível dominância quanto ao tipo de circulação e o potencial uso deste suídeo como modelo experimental, visto que são considerados ancestrais dos suínos domésticos. A artéria coronária esquerda bifurcou-se e deu origem aos ramos interventricular paraconal e circunflexo esquerdo, ou trifurcouse nos ramos interventricular paraconal, oblíquo e circunflexo esquerdo. Já a artéria coronária direita deu origem aos ramos marginal para o ventrículo direito e circunflexo direito que, por sua vez, ramificou-se no ramo interventricular subsinuoso. Foram evidenciadas anastomoses entre os ramos interventriculares paraconal e subsinuoso, e entre os ramos circunflexos direito e esquerdo e, conforme tal origem do ramo interventricular subsinuoso, a forma de dominância coronariana foi predominantemente direita. Conclui-se que a morfologia e distribuição das artérias coronárias de javalis se assemelham à do homem e, desse modo, nossos resultados são úteis para sua concepção da hemodinâmica experimental, e possível utilização como modelos processuais

Morfometria do forame mandibular aplicada ao bloqueio anestésico local do nervo alveolar inferior de javalis (Sus scrofa scrofa Linnaeus, 1758)

Javalis mantidos em criatórios comerciais utilizam os dentes caninos como mecanismo de defesa e ataque a fim de expressar seus instintos naturais, o que pode resultar em fraturas dentárias e da mandíbula propriamente dita. Desta forma, propiciar a dessensibilização local do nervo alveolar inferior é essencial para a execução de procedimentos terapêuticos na cavidade oral destes animais. Logo, objetivou-se realizar a morfometria do forame mandibular desta espécie a fim de correlacioná-lo com as estruturas mandibulares, inferindo, também, sobre a forma mais segura de realização da referida técnica nos espécimes. Para tanto, foram utilizadas seis hemimandíbulas de Sus scrofa scrofa jovens, a partir das quais foram realizadas as mensurações propostas. Em média, a margem lateral do processo condilar distanciou-se 142,43 mm da raiz do dente incisivo medial inferior; o eixo longitudinal do corpo da mandíbula mediu 22,3 mm ao nível do diastema existente entre o quarto dente pré-molar e o primeiro dente molar inferiores; e o forame mandibular, a partir do extremo caudal de sua margem ventral, posicionou-se a 26,6 mm da margem ventral do ângulo da mandíbula neste nível, 34,92 mm da margem medial do processo condilar, e 38,63 mm do extremo dorsal da margem caudal do processo coronóide. Na falta de diferenças estatisticamente significantes, e observando que o acidente ósseo estudado posicionou-se no ramo da mandíbula, indica que o procedimento proposto deva ser realizado a partir da introdução da agulha em sentido oblíquo rostroventral por 2,0 cm e angulada a 60º com o referencial anatômico criado pela delimitação medial obtida pelo apoio do dedo polegar na margem lateral do ramo da mandíbula, ventralmente ao arco zigomático,preservando as estruturas próximas e definindo-se uma metodologia anestésica inédita para os Javalis.Boars kept on commercial farms use their canine teeth as a mechanism of defense and attack in order to express their natural instincts, which could result in fractures of the teeth and jaws. Thus, utilizing local desensitization of the inferior alveolar nerve is crucial for executing therapeutic procedures in the oral cavities of those animals. Then, the goal is to carry out the morphometry of the mandibular foramen of that species, correlating it with the mandibular structures, while doing so in the safest manner for the animals. For that purpose, six hemimandibles of young-aged Sus scrofa scrofa were used, from which the proposed measurements were taken. On average, the lateral margin of the condylar process stood 142.43 mm away from the root of the lower medial incisive tooth. The longitudinal axis of the body of the mandible measured 22.3 mm at the level of the diastema that exists between the fourth lower premolar tooth and the first lower molar tooth. The mandibular foramen, from the caudal limit of the ventral margin, would be positioned at26.6 mm from the ventral margin of the angle of the mandible in that level, 34.92 mm away from the medial margin of the condylar process, and 38.63 mm away from the dorsal limit from the caudal margin of the coronoid process. The lack of statistically significant differences, and observing that the osseous accident under scrutiny had been positioned in the ramus of the mandible, indicated that the proposed procedure should be performed from the introduction of the needle in an oblique and rostrodorsal direction for 2.0 cm, and angulated at 60º with the anatomic reference created by the medial demarcation obtained via the support of the thumb on the lateral margin of the ramus of the mandible, ventrally to the zygomatic arch, all while preserving neighboring structures and establishing an unheard-of anesthetic methodology for boars

Sites of Anesthetic Block of the Lateral and Medial Palmar Metacarpal Nerves in Equines of Indeterminate Breed

Background: Local anesthesia blockage at equines claudication diagnosis besides favoring the beginning of the therapy and relieving patient’s pain, it allows the identification of the specific affected region and its origin, however, if it is done incorrectly (by improper volume of anesthetics application and/or mistakenly nerve identification due to the lack of anatomic referential) it may cause inflammation, infection or even tissue necrosis. The aim was describing anatomically lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves in equines to improve diagnostic anesthetic block techniques on four metacarpophalangeal articulation joints of the specie.Materials, Methods & Results: A number of 20 thoracic limbs from 10 equines of indeterminate breed were used to be fixated in 10% phormaldehyde and with a marked arterial system by water solution of red dyed latex. The structures were identified by dissection, and their denomination bases on Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (N.A.V.) by the International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature. The study had been approved by the Board of Ethics in Animal Use of the University Center of Patos de Minas (UNIPAM), protocol n° 18/17. The lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves have been observed in all of the specimens originated from the deep branch of lateral palmar nerve, immediately distal to the intercarpal articulation. After its origin, the first nerve stretched ipsilaterally from the common trunk, whilst the second nerve positioned counter-lateral manner after superficially crossing the interosseus muscle. Both penetrated at the level of the mid third of the referred muscle and the metacarpal bone III and, assumed respectively a parallel medial position to the metacarpal bone IV and lateral to the metacarpal II, being intimately associated to the palmar face of the metacarpal bone III. Distally, those nerves emerged from a palmar position to a lateral and medial to the distal extremity of the metacarpal bones, corresponding and adjacent to the metacarpophalangeal articulation palmar recession, where they had finally ramified to partially innervate the associated articular capsule and the subcutaneous tissue of the region.Discussion: The lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves present similar origin and disposition to the above described, however, besides largely mentioned in literature, we point out here as recommended by N.A.V., no use of terms like axial and abaxial as position indicators for equine. As a part of block anesthetic diagnosis of four metacarpophalangeal articulation points, it is hereby suggested for the studied nerves desensitization, should be palpated the distal extremities of the metacarpal bones IV and II. After the identification, using thumb located from the extremity at proximal direction way, introduce the needle bilaterally for 1.5 cm downright between the above mentioned metacarpal bones and the interosseus muscle, being these latter and the flexor muscle tendons drawn in the palmar direction. Thus, it becomes valid to affirm that the technique of four-point diagnostic anesthetic block of the metacarpophalangeal articulation has been perfected for equines, and that it will limit the chances of false results on account of misplaced puncturing of nearby structures, such as, for example, the synovial recesses, mentioned as the location of the utmost gravity, hence septic synovitis may come in play

Feline cardiac lymphoma: a case report

Cancer is the main cause of death among pet animals. FeLV, the feline leukemia virus, increases the odds of domestic felines’ developing lymphoma or leukemia 62 fold. The cardiac lymphoma is a rare neoplasia and little is known about it in Veterinary Medicine. Therefore, it has been sought to report a case of cardiac lymphoma in a two-year-old, FeLV-positive feline patient, who presented dyspnea, lack of appetite, progressive loss of weight, and apathy. By means of supplementary examination, the presence of a mass attached to the heat would be verified, and lymphoma was diagnosed upon histopathological examination. It is thus concluded that this neoplasia was associated to the feline leukemia virus and that, in spite of the supplementary examinations’ having been utterly important for a correct diagnosis, the lack of an early definition aggravated the clinical picture of the patient and hindered the implementation of specific treatment

Anatomia comparativa da artéria facial de Sus scrofa scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia, Suidae)

The wild boar is broadly distributed in several parts of the world by man, with the exception of Antarctica. It is known that the facial artery and its branches are responsible for maintaining the blood supply of structures related to chewing, swallowing, and the production of saliva. The aim of this study is to describe the origin and distribution of the right and left facial arteries of the boar in the context of foraging. The facial arteries of this boar species originated from the external carotid artery in all specimens and were distributed in the pharyngeal, glandular, and muscular branches as well as the branches to the mandibular lymph nodes. The anastomotic branches of the facial artery with the buccal and mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar artery were also identified. This feature shows that the region of allocation of the facial artery in these animals requires a large network for irrigation, which contributes to the functional efficacy as well as the modus viventis of this animal.O javali encontra-se amplamente distribuído pelo homem em diversas partes do mundo, com exceção da Antártica. É sabido que a artéria facial e seus ramos são responsáveis por manter o suprimento sanguíneo das estruturas relacionadas com a mastigação, deglutição e produção de saliva. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se descrever as origens e distribuições das artérias faciais direita e esquerda do javali. As artérias faciais deste suídeo originaram-se da artéria carótida externa em todos os espécimes e distribuíram-se em ramos faríngeo, glandulares, musculares e ramos para linfonodos mandibulares. Ramos anastomóticos da artéria facial com a bucal e com o ramo milo-hioideo da artéria alveolar inferior foram identificados. Essa característica demonstra que a região de alocação da artéria facial nesses animais necessita de um expressivo contingente para irrigação, colaborando muito com sua eficácia funcional, bem como com o modus viventis deste animal

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora