Assessing usual dietary intake in complex sample design surveys: the National Dietary Survey

O objetivo do estudo foi indicar uma adaptação do método do Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INC), utilizando-se dados do Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação. Esse método estima a distribuição do consumo usual de nutrientes e alimentos e pode ser aplicado em estudos com amostra complexa. Entretanto, são necessários cálculos adicionais, tais como a replicação repetida balanceada, a fim de obter os erros padrão e intervalos de confiança para os percentis e a média da distribuição de consumo usual. A aplicação desse método foi exemplificada analisando o total de energia (kcal) e frutas (g), comparando as estimativas das médias e seus respectivos erros padrão obtidos, considerando o desenho do inquérito e supondo amostra aleatória simples. Embora os resultados das estimativas pontuais para a média tenham sido similares, houve aumento de até 60% nos respectivos erros padrão na amostragem complexa, comparada à amostragem simples. Desse modo, para estimativas válidas de consumo de alimentos e de energia devem-se levar em conta todas as características de amostragem dos inquéritos, porque, quando essas características são negligenciadas, a análise estatística pode produzir erros padrão subestimados que podem comprometer os resultados e conclusões da pesquisa.El objetivo del estudio fue indicar una adaptación del método del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (NCI), utilizándose datos de la pesquisa nacional de alimentación. Ese método estima la distribución del consumo usual de nutrientes y alimentos y puede ser aplicado en estudios con muestra compleja. Mientras, son necesarios cálculos adicionales, tales como la replicación repetida balanceada, a fin de obtener los errores estándar e intervalos de confianza para los percentiles y el promedio de la distribución de consumo usual. La aplicación de este método fue ejemplificado analizando el total de energía (Kcal) y frutas (gr), comparando las estimaciones de los promedios y sus respectivos errores estándar obtenidos considerando el diseño de la pesquisa y suponiendo muestra aleatoria simple. A pesar que los resultados de las estimaciones puntuales para el promedio hayan sido similares, hubo aumento de hasta 60% en los respectivos errores estándar en el muestreo complejo, comparado con el muestreo simple. De ese modo, para estimaciones validas de consumo de alimentos y de energía se deben tomar en cuenta todas las características de muestreo de las pesquisas, porque cuando estas características son descuidadas, el análisis estadístico puede producir errores estándar subestimados que pueden comprometer los resultados y conclusiones de la investigación.The National Cancer Institute (NCI) method allows the distributions of usual intake of nutrients and foods to be estimated. This method can be used in complex surveys. However, the user must perform additional calculations, such as balanced repeated replication (BRR), in order to obtain standard errors and confidence intervals for the percentiles and mean from the distribution of usual intake. The objective is to highlight adaptations of the NCI method using data from the National Dietary Survey. The application of the NCI method was exemplified analyzing the total energy (kcal) and fruit (g) intake, comparing estimations of mean and standard deviation that were based on the complex design of the Brazilian survey with those assuming simple random sample. Although means point estimates were similar, estimates of standard error using the complex design increased by up to 60% compared to simple random sample. Thus, for valid estimates of food and energy intake for the population, all of the sampling characteristics of the surveys should be taken into account because when these characteristics are neglected, statistical analysis may produce underestimated standard errors that would compromise the results and the conclusions of the survey

Effects of the Energy Error Distribution of Fluorescence Telescopes on the UHECR energy spectrum

The measurement of the ultra high energy cosmic ray (UHECR) spectrum is strongly affected by uncertainties on the reconstructed energy. The determination of the presence or absence of the GZK cutoff and its position in the energy spectrum depends not only on high statistics but also on the shape of the energy error distribution. Here we determine the energy error distribution for fluorescence telescopes, based on a Monte Carlo simulation. The HiRes and Auger fluorescence telescopes are simulated in detail. We analyze the UHECR spectrum convolved with this energy error distribution. We compare this spectrum with one convolved with a lognormal error distribution as well as with a Gaussian error distribution. We show that the energy error distribution for fluorescence detectors can not be represented by these known distributions. We conclude that the convolved energy spectrum will be smeared but not enough to affect the GZK cutoff detection. This conclusion stands for both HiRes and Auger fluorescence telescopes. This result differs from the effect of the energy error distribution obtained with ground detectors and reinforces the importance of the fluorescence energy measurement. We also investigate the effect of possible fluorescence yield measurement errors in the energy spectrum.Comment: 24 pages, 11 figure

Aptitud política del enfermero: hallazgos bibliográficos

Pesquisa bibliográfica sobre competência política do enfermeiro em textos científicos de cinco livros, 12 periódicos e duas dissertações de mestrado com análise das abordagens em termos de conteúdo e contextualização. Os achados revelam que, quando da institucionalização em 1920, a enfermagem se apresentava acrítica e passiva frente aos acontecimentos da época. Em 1940 inicia-se um ensaio de sua projeção política, mas, somente nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, o posicionamento do enfermeiro estabelece concretude social frente ao sistema público de saúde e da rediscussão do rumo intelectual e político da profissão. É a partir de 1990 que se observa uma discussão do pensamento crítico e da prática social da enfermagem. Conclui-se que ainda há uma cisão na profissão, na qual, de um lado, há um grupo consciente, crítico e politizado e, de outro, um grupo ainda passivo e acomodado, o que torna incipiente o posicionamento político dos enfermeiros.This is a literature review on the political competence of nurses in scientific texts of five books, 12 journals, and two master’s degrees dissertations, analyzing approaches in terms of content and context. The findings revealed that in the 1920s, when nursing was institutionalized, nurses seemed to be non-critical and passive as to the events of their time. There was a shy political movement in the 1940s, but only in the 1970s and 1980s the nurse position becomes socially concrete as to public health care system and when discussing the intellectual and political directions of the profession. In 1990s, a discussion on critical thinking and the social practice of nursing emerged. It was concluded that there is still a gap in the profession, with a politically aware and critical group in one hand, and a passive and lethargic on the other hand, making the political position of nurses incipient.Pesquisa bibliográfica sobre aptitud política del enfermero en textos científicos de 5 libros, 12 periódicos y 2 disertaciones de maestría con análisis de los abordajes en términos de contenido y contexto. Los hallazgos revelan que en 1920, cuando hubo la institucionalización, la enfermería era pasiva y no criticaba los acontecimientos de la época. En 1940 comienza un ensayo de su proyección política, pero solo en 1970 y 1980 su posición de enfermero se vuelve concreta en la sociedad junto al sistema público de salud y se discute nuevamente el camino intelectual y político de la profesión. Es a partir de 1990, que se observa una discusión del pensamiento crítico y de la práctica social de la enfermería. La conclusión es que todavía hay una división en la profesión, en la cual de un lado hay un grupo consciente, crítico y politizado y de otro, un grupo que todavía se encuentra pasivo y cómodo, o que hace con que la posición del enfermero se vuelva incipiente

Different infective forms trigger distinct immune response in experimental Chagas disease.

Although metacyclic and blood trypomastigotes are completely functional in relation to parasite-host interaction and/or target cell invasion, they differ in the molecules present on the surface. Thus, aspects related to the variability that the forms of T. cruzi interacts with host cells may lead to fundamental implications on the immune response against this parasite and, consequently, the clinical evolution of Chagas disease. We have shown that BT infected mice presented higher levels of parasitemia during all the acute phase of infection. Moreover, the infection with either MT or BT forms resulted in increased levels of total leukocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes, specifically later for MT and earlier for BT. The infection with BT forms presented earlier production of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and later of IFN-γ by both T cells subpopulations. This event was accompanied by an early cardiac inflammation with an exacerbation of this process at the end of the acute phase. On the other hand, infection with MT forms result in an early production of IFN-γ, with subsequent control in the production of this cytokine by IL-10, which provided to these animals an immunomodulatory profile in the end of the acute phase. These results are in agreement with what was found for cardiac inflammation where animals infected with MT forms showed intense cardiac inflammation later at infection, with a decrease in the same at the end of this phase. In summary, our findings emphasize the importance of taking into account the inoculums source of T. cruzi, since vectorial or transfusional routes of T. cruzi infection may trigger distinct parasite-host interactions during the acute phase that may influence relevant biological aspects of chronic Chagas disease

ESTIMATIVA DE RECURSOS, UTILIZANDO O MÉTODO DE KRIGAGEM ORDINÁRIA, PARA O DEPÓSITO DE TERRAS RARAS ÁREA ZERO, ARAXÁ (MG) : Resource estimation through ordinary kriging for Area Zero REE Deposit, Araxá (MG)

The “Área Zero” deposit is located in the municipality of Araxá, Minas Gerais. It is located in the southern portion of the Brasilia Belt, in the Igneous Province of Alto Paranaíba, inserted in the Barreiro Alkaline-Carbonatitic Complex. The complex is a circular intrusion with approximately 16 km2. It is a dome structure and mineralization is a result of the supergene enrichment of carbonatitic rocks, with high levels of rare earth elements (REE). The study area is located in the northern portion of the complex, in an area of 400x200 m. This study aimed to estimate the resources through ordinary kriging method, using a database from 61 boreholes. Statistical analyses showed a great variability of REE grades. To carry out ordinary kriging, a spherical model was fitted over experimental directional variograms. Plotting experimental variograms in different directions showed that the direction of greater continuity was 22,5/0 and 51 m range. To estimate the REE grade, a block model was built with dimensions of 10x10x3m to estimate resources by units. All the units present in the deposit area are mineralized and the resources of Area Zero deposit totaled 10,5 million tonnes with 4,75% of REE content. Keywords: Geology. Statistic method. Rare Earth elements. Ordinary kriging. Resource estimation.O depósito de elementos terras raras (ETR) Área Zero localiza-se no município de Araxá, Minas Gerais. Situa-se na porção sul da Faixa Brasília, na Província Ígnea do Alto Paranaíba, inserido no Complexo Alcalino-Carbonatítico do Barreiro. O complexo é uma intrusão circular, com aproximadamente 16 km² de área. Apresenta-se como uma estrutura dômica e a mineralização é resultado do enriquecimento supergênico das rochas carbonatíticas, ricas em ETR. A área de estudos encontra-se na porção norte do complexo, em uma área de 400x200 m. O objetivo do trabalho foi quantificação dos recursos através do método de krigagem ordinária, utilizando dados de 61 furos de sondagem diamantada. Análises estatísticas mostraram que o depósito possui uma grande variabilidade de teores. Para executar a krigagem ordinária, o modelo esférico foi ajustado para os variogramas experimentais direcionais. A variografia indicou que a direção de maior continuidade do depósito foi a de 22,5/0 com amplitude de 51 m. O modelo de blocos foi construído com as dimensões 10x10x3 m respeitando o contato entre as unidades. Todas as unidades estão mineralizadas e os recursos do depósito totalizam 10,5 milhões de toneladas com teor médio de 4,75 % de óxidos totais de terras raras. Palavras chave: Geologia. Métodos estatísticos. Elementos terras raras. Krigagem ordinária. Estimativa de recursos

Infiltrative Rectal Adenocarcinoma in a Dog

Background: Intestinal neoplasms are uncommon in dogs and adenocarcinoma is the main histological type found. This neoplasm presents slow growth and high capacity of causing metastasis. Histologically speaking, neoplasm cells can present solid, tubular, papillary arrangement and note amorphous extra-cellular material. Clinically observed tenesmus, diarrhea, dyskinesia, hematochezia, mane, protrusion of the anus, weight loss, anorexia. The occurrence and clinicopathological aspects of tumors in dogs’ gastrointestinal tract, the rectal segment, remains poorly understood. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to report a case on infiltrative rectal adenocarcinoma diagnosed in a dog.Case: A 7-year-old male dog representative of the Fila Brasileiro breed was presented to the Veterinary Hospital of University Federal Rural of Amazonia, with history of hyperthermia, anorexia, apathy and tenesmus. Imaging examinations depicted prostatomegaly. Exploratory laparotomy was performed and showed the thickening and hardening of the rectum segment. The animal was subjected to euthanasia. Necroscopy showed increased rectal perimeter; the mucosa in its opening presented atypical cerebroid aspect and irregular surface, and areas dark red. The rectal segment depicted a thick wall of  white color, irregular limits covering the muscular and adjacent sub-mucosa. The peri-rectal adipose tissue presented poor delimitation with the rectum, multiple greyish and reddish areas. Increased prostate and iliac lymph, and multi node of regular limits in the lungs. The histology of the rectal tissue depicted epithelium with differentiated neoformation, composed of atypical cells; nuclear anisocytosis, anisocariasis and hyperchromasia placed in small islands, cords or tubular formation. Neoplasm growth was unorganized and of infiltrative character. Some areas presented mucosal pattern cells with Signal Ring morphologic. Multiple rectal blood vessels, regional lymph nodes and lungs had neoplasm growth similar to that observed in the intestine. Mucosa also presented ulceration areas and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. There was fibroplasia, lymphoplasmacytic points and bleeding in the serous, as well as in the peri-rectal fat tissue. The immunohistochemical technique showed immunostaining in cytokeratin and vimentin antibodies, and in marked epithelial cells and tumor stroma markings, respectively.Discussion: The intestinal tumor diagnosis in dogs is found by associating history, clinical signs, radiographic, ultrasound findings and necropsty. Only one data about the occurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma in Fila Brasileiro specimens. With regards to sex, results were similar to those record, whose males presented higher prevalence of primary rectal tumors. The macroscopic characteristic is consistent with infiltrative neoplasms; thickening was related to the presence of the tumor. The histopathological findings evidenced growing infiltrative neoplasm formed by atypical cells of tubular arrangement. Microscopy featured a chronic ulcerative colitis frame, such alteration represents one of the main risk factors for colon rectal cancer in humans. Epithelial histogenesis was confirmed through immunohistochemical results that have revealed co-expression of the cytokine epithelial marker in most tumor cells. The vimentin mesenchymal marker in the neoplasm stroma was positive, fact that can be explained by occasional immune-reaction in the anti-bodies (cytokine and vimentin) and in non-differentiated carcinomas. The prognostic was negative in the current report. Such outcome was attributed to the infiltrative character observed in the trans-operative period. Necropsy, as well as the histopathological and immunohistochemical exams, confirmed the infiltrative rectal adenocarcinoma in the dog

O Programa Criança Feliz e suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento da criança na primeira infância: apontamentos sobre o caso de Ribeirão Preto/SP

The objective of this study is to present some reflections about the “Programa Criança Feliz - PCF” and its contributions to the development of children in early childhood, having as reference the analysis of the experiences lived through the professional performance of the authors in the program in Ribeirão Preto - SP. Based on the reflections constructed in this text, it is possible to present the work of the program in question, its methodology and theoretical basis, intersectoriality and its pertinence for the development of the child in early childhoodO trabalho aqui apresentado tem como objetivo realizar reflexões acerca do Programa Criança Feliz - PCF e as contribuições para o desenvolvimento da criança na primeira infância, tendo como referência a análise das experiências vivenciadas através da atuação profissional dos autores no referido programa em Ribeirão Preto – SP e como metodologia a análise bibliográfica acerca dos assuntos abordados. A partir das reflexões construídas neste texto, é possível apresentar o trabalho do programa em pauta, sua metodologia e fundamentação teórica, intersetorialidade e sua pertinência para o desenvolvimento da criança na primeira infância

CONTEXTO ESTRUTURAL DA ÁREA DA FOLHA TOPOGRÁFICA GUAPIARA

A Folha Topográfica de Guapiara 1: 50.000, localiza-se no extremo sul do estado de São Paulo e compreende a porção norte do Terreno Apiaí, de idade meso- a neoproterozoicas, inserido na faixa centro-sul do Cinturão Ribeira da Província Mantiqueira Central. A região caracteriza-se pelas rochas da sequência metavulcanossedimentar do Supergrupo Açungui, definidas pela Formação Água Clara e os grupos Votuverava e Itaiacoca, além de corpos graníticos do Granito Três Córregos e do Granito Capão Bonito, rochas sedimentares do Grupo Itararé, intrusivas básicas associadas ao Magmatismo Serra Geral e sedimentos quaternários. O quadro estrutural é determinado dominantemente pelo arranjo tectônico neoproterozoico. As rochas apresentam uma evolução estrutural do tipo polifásica, evidenciada pela superposição de eventos de principalmente quatro fases deformacionais Dn, Dn+1, Dn+2 e Dn+3. Os dois eventos iniciais são relacionados a uma tectônica de cavalgamento, de direção NE/SW e NW/SE, respectivamente, acompanhado de estruturas geneticamente associadas, tais como falhas de cavalgamentos, dobras e as foliações Sn e Sn+1. Superpondo-se a estas estruturas, ocorrem dois eventos Dn+2 e Dn+3, ligados a fase colisional final e uma tectônica transcorrente/transpressiva. Esse evento é responsável pelo dobramento das estruturas pré-formadas, com plano axial de direção NE/SW e NW/SE, respectivamente