Clinical, Laboratory and Ultrasonographic Findings of Diabetic Dog with Emphysematous Cystitis

Background: Emphysematous cystitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the lower urinary tract characterized by the accumulation of gas within the wall and lumen of the urinary bladder. The clinical manifestations of emphysematous cystitis resemble those of bacterial cystitis, often hindering the differentiation between the two. In this work, we report a case of emphysematous cystitis in a diabetic dog. The diagnosis of cystitis was followed by ultrasonography for the early detection of emphysematous cystitis, which showed the presence of multifocal and irregular hyperechoic interfaces forming a distal reverberation artifact.                                                                                       Case: A 9-year-old female dog was referred to VETCLINIC Veterinary Hospital 24 hours with a history of urinary incontinence, polydipsia, polyuria, and diabetes mellitus. At first, the blood glucose was measured and found to be 376 mg/dL. Blood count, biochemical measurements of alkaline phosphatase (AF), urea, creatinine, and alanine aminotransferase (AAT), urinalysis, urine culture with antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. The hematological exams showed that the serum was lipemic and with hemolysis; the values of AAT, AF, and total plasma proteins were above the reference values; hematocrit was below the normal level; erythrocyte rouleaux and thrombocytosis with platelet aggregates were present. Urinalysis showed the presence of traces of proteins, glucose, and occult blood as well as granular and hyaline cylinders and transitional epithelial cells. In urine culture, growth of the aerobic bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was observed, being sensitive to most of the antimicrobials. Ultrasonography showed the presence of gas in the wall of the urinary bladder, besides a discrete thickening of the wall, compatible with the diagnosis of emphysematous cystitis.                                                                                                   Discussion: The first report of emphysematous cystitis in dogs was made in 1926 in a diabetic dog. Emphysematous cystitis is complicated, characterized by the presence of gas in the wall and lumen of the urinary bladder. It is usually reported in patients with diabetes mellitus. The patient presented with a very high glycemic index (376 mg/dL), in addition to having a history of urinary obstruction and presence of bladder stones, which may have acted as predisposing factors for the onset of emphysematous cystitis. In the present case, ultrasonography was the examination of choice. Hyperechoic reverberation-forming lines, identified as gas present in the topography of the urinary bladder, were easily visualized, as described in the literature. For the treatment of this condition, adequate management of the diet and the correct use of antimicrobials are of fundamental importance since the presence of diabetes mellitus in this patient can present serious complications in the future. This report shows the importance of the use of a combination of diagnostic tools to arrive at the correct diagnosis of the patient

ASPECTOS ULTRASSONOGRÁFICOS DE HIDROPSIA FETAL EM CÃO

Ultrasonography currently has great utility in the veterinary clinical routine of small animals with regard to gestation. Fetal hydrops is characterized as malformation that causes abnormal accumulation of fluid in the subcutaneous tissue. A Yorkshire terrier dog, 6 years old, was referred to the imaging department of VETCLINIC Veterinary Hospital 24 hours for gestational ultrasonographic evaluation, where it can be observed that the patient was pregnant with only one cub and that it had full cysts of fluid detected in the subcutaneous tissue, in addition to pleural effusion associated with echogenic and with drawn lungs. The animal was then referred to the surgical center for cesarean section, where the fetus was found to be enlarged due to edema, and died a few minutes later. Ultrasound examination in the prenatal of the female canine was indispensable for the diagnosis of the fetal abnormality.A ultrassonografia atualmente tem grande utilidade na rotina clínica veterinária de pequenos animais no que diz respeito à gestação. A hidropisia fetal é caracterizada como malformação que causa acúmulo anormal de líquido no tecido subcutâneo. Uma cadela Yorkshire terrier, 6 anos de idade, foi encaminhada ao serviço de imagem do Hospital Veterinário VETCLINIC 24 horas para avaliação ultrassonográfica gestacional, onde pode-se observar que a paciente estava grávida de apenas um filhote e que apresentava cistos cheios de líquido detectados em subcutâneo, além de derrame pleural associado a pulmões ecogênicos e retraídos. O animal foi então encaminhado ao centro cirúrgico para realização de cesariana, onde o feto apresentava-se aumentado devido a edema, vindo a óbito minutos depois. O exame ultrassonográfico no pré-natal da cadela foi indispensável para o diagnóstico da anormalidade fetal

ASPECTOS ULTRASSONOGRÁFICOS DE HIDRONEFROSE E HIDROURETER EM CADELA

Hydronephrosis is the dilation of the renal collecting system. Advent of ultrasonographic examination allows observe small dilatations in the structures, to carry out precise measurements and the monitoring of the evolution of the alterations. A schnauzer bitch was reffered to the imaging department of VETCLINIC Veterinary Hospital 24 hours. On the ultrasonographic examination, it was possible to visualize the right kidney had an unassembled cortical-medullary relationship, with only the renal capsule and hyperechogenic lines extending to the center (interdiverticular septa) and large. A tubular image located caudally to the right kidney was visualized. The patient was then submitted to exploratory laparotomy where it was possible to verify that the kidney was softened, enlarged, and dilated ureter. Total nephrectomy of the organ was then chosen, where it was then evaluated and incised in a sagittal section, where it was possible to observe a large renal pelvis dilatation and renal tissue atrophy.Hidronefrose é a dilatação do sistema coletor renal. O advento do exame ultrassonográfico permite observar pequenas dilatações nas estruturas, realizar medições precisas e acompanhar a evolução das alterações. Uma cadela schnauzer foi encaminhada ao setor de imagem do Hospital Veterinário VETCLINIC 24 horas. Ao exame ultrassonográfico foi possível visualizar o rim direito com relação córtico-medular desmontada, com apenas a cápsula renal e linhas hiperecogênicas estendendo-se ao centro (septos interdiverticulares) e grandes. Visualizou-se uma imagem tubular localizada caudalmente ao rim direito. A paciente foi então submetida a laparotomia exploratória onde foi possível verificar que o rim estava amolecido, aumentado e com ureter dilatado. Optou-se então por nefrectomia total do órgão, onde foi então avaliado e incisado em corte sagital, onde foi possível observar grande dilatação da pelve renal e atrofia do tecido renal

Arterial supply of the intestines of New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

The origin and ramification patterns of the intestinal arteries of rabbits were studied. The vessels were injected with a latex solution before dissection in 20 adult specimens. The cranial mesenteric artery originates from the abdominal aorta and gives off the following arteries: pancreatic branches; caudal pancreaticoduodenal; colic medium; jejunal (with variable number), ileocolic arteries, the colic branches, and ileal branches. The caudal mesenteric artery originates next to the end of the abdominal aorta and off a left colic artery that gives origin to the sigmoidal arteries and a cranial rectal artery

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http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2008v21n1p101Estudaram-se a origem e a ramificação das artérias intestinais de coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, mediante a injeção dos vasos arteriais com solução de látex e posterior dissecação de 20 espécimes adultos. A artéria mesentérica cranial origina-se da aorta abdominal e emite os seguintes vasos: ramos pancreáticos, artéria pancreaticoduodenal caudal; número variável de artérias jejunais; artéria ileocólica e ramos cólicos. A origem da artéria mesentérica caudal é próxima ao final da aorta abdominal e emite a artéria cólica esquerda que origina a artéria retal cranial e esta emite as artérias sigmóides.Arterial supply of the intestines of New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuni- culus).The origin and ramifi cation patterns of the intestinal arteries of rabbits were studied. The vessels were injected with a latex solution before dissection in 20 adult specimens. The cranial mesenteric artery originates from the abdominal aorta and gives off the following arteries: pancreatic branches; caudal pancreaticoduodenal; colic medium; jejunal (with variable number), ileocolic arteries, the colic branches, and ileal branches. The caudal mesenteric artery originates next to the end of the abdominal aorta and off a left colic artery that gives origin to the sigmoidal arteries and a cranial rectal artery

Estrutura e ultra-estrutura de membranas biológicas de ovinos da raça Santa Inês (Ovis aries, L., 1758) a fresco e conservadas em glicerina.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2012v25n2p97Na reconstrução dos defeitos teciduais recomenda-se a utilização de implantes biológicos, comumente material de membranas obtidas de diferentes espécies animais, ou sintéticos. Objetivou-se com este estudo verificar a morfologia estrutural e ultraestrutural do peritônio parietal, pericárdio parietal, túnica vaginal e fáscia lata de 15 ovinos da raça Santa Inês, machos, adultos, provenientes da Estância Santa Bárbara do município de Poloni - SP. Essas membranas foram colhidas imediatamente após o abate dos animais e identificadas individualmente. Acondicionou-se parte de cada membrana em recipientes com solução fisiológica, denominando-as amostras a fresco. A outra parte foi conservada em glicerina a 98% por 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias. Todas as amostras foram submetidas à técnica histológica usual, ademais, as amostras a fresco e as conservadas por 30 dias receberam preparação especial para visibilização em microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Mediante os resultados analisados, concluiu-se que as membranas, peritônio parietal, pericárdio parietal, túnica vaginal parietal e fáscia lata, a fresco ou conservadas, de ovinos machos adultos da raça Santa Inês, apresentaram um único tipo de tecido, o tecido conjuntivo denso não modelado. A glicerina a 98% utilizada como meio de conservação das membranas foi eficaz, mantendo a organização tecidual das membranas

Clinical, Laboratory and Ultrasonographic Findings of Diabetic Dog with Emphysematous Cystitis

Background: Emphysematous cystitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the lower urinary tract characterized by the accumulation of gas within the wall and lumen of the urinary bladder. The clinical manifestations of emphysematous cystitis resemble those of bacterial cystitis, often hindering the differentiation between the two. In this work, we report a case of emphysematous cystitis in a diabetic dog. The diagnosis of cystitis was followed by ultrasonography for the early detection of emphysematous cystitis, which showed the presence of multifocal and irregular hyperechoic interfaces forming a distal reverberation artifact.                                                                                       Case: A 9-year-old female dog was referred to VETCLINIC Veterinary Hospital 24 hours with a history of urinary incontinence, polydipsia, polyuria, and diabetes mellitus. At first, the blood glucose was measured and found to be 376 mg/dL. Blood count, biochemical measurements of alkaline phosphatase (AF), urea, creatinine, and alanine aminotransferase (AAT), urinalysis, urine culture with antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. The hematological exams showed that the serum was lipemic and with hemolysis; the values of AAT, AF, and total plasma proteins were above the reference values; hematocrit was below the normal level; erythrocyte rouleaux and thrombocytosis with platelet aggregates were present. Urinalysis showed the presence of traces of proteins, glucose, and occult blood as well as granular and hyaline cylinders and transitional epithelial cells. In urine culture, growth of the aerobic bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was observed, being sensitive to most of the antimicrobials. Ultrasonography showed the presence of gas in the wall of the urinary bladder, besides a discrete thickening of the wall, compatible with the diagnosis of emphysematous cystitis.                                                                                                   Discussion: The first report of emphysematous cystitis in dogs was made in 1926 in a diabetic dog. Emphysematous cystitis is complicated, characterized by the presence of gas in the wall and lumen of the urinary bladder. It is usually reported in patients with diabetes mellitus. The patient presented with a very high glycemic index (376 mg/dL), in addition to having a history of urinary obstruction and presence of bladder stones, which may have acted as predisposing factors for the onset of emphysematous cystitis. In the present case, ultrasonography was the examination of choice. Hyperechoic reverberation-forming lines, identified as gas present in the topography of the urinary bladder, were easily visualized, as described in the literature. For the treatment of this condition, adequate management of the diet and the correct use of antimicrobials are of fundamental importance since the presence of diabetes mellitus in this patient can present serious complications in the future. This report shows the importance of the use of a combination of diagnostic tools to arrive at the correct diagnosis of the patient

Anatomia do nervo isquiático em mocós (Kerodon rupestris WIED, 1820) aplicada a clínica de animais silvestres

To know the origin of the ischiatic nerve in mocos (Kerodon rupestris Wied,1820) near by intervertebral forames and the muscling belonging to its routes were used 10 adult animals, from CEMAS-ESAM. After natural obit, they were fixed in formol (10%) and dissected to exposition and to singt of the ischiatic nerve. The results were indicated in percentage. Variations in the quantity of the lumber and sacral vertebras nere observed, five animals (50,00%) reveled seven lumbar vertebras and three sacral ones; two animals recrealed seven lumbar vertebras and four sacral ones, and two animals reveled six lumbar vertebras and three sacral ones. An animal (10,00%) revealed six lumbar vertebras and four ones. Therefore, the origin of the nerve was differentiated five animals (50,00%) had the participation of L 7,S 1,S 2; two animals (20,00%) with L 7,S 1; and a little part of S 2. Two animals (20,00%) with L 6,S 1,S 2, and an animal (10,00%) with L 6,S 1, and a little part of S 2. The last root of the ischiatic nerve in all its origins, contribute to the constitution of the first root of pudental nerve. It was verified that in all its route, the ischiatic nerves (100,00%) ceded branches to the muscles: medial gluteus, deep gluteus, superficial gluteus, emiting muscular branches to the femoral biceps or to thigh, and to the semimembranous and semi-tendinous muscles, that is continuous with a high calibre trunk, originating the fibular nerve(sideways), the tibial nerve(medial) and the lateral plantar sural cutaneous nerve (caudal)