Historia żółtej ciżemki – architectural space seen through the child’s eye

This article focuses on the interdependencies between the film images and architectural education of the youngest. The author has attempted to define what sort of background preconditions the film image to gain the status of a source for psychoeducation, with particular emphasis placed on spatial education. The article includes a case study of Sylwester Chęciński’s film: Historia żółtej ciżemki [The Story of a Yellow Crakow] (1962)

The Polish Avant-Garde Architecture in the Interwar Period - Regionalism, Nationalism and Modern Architecture

The article presents the most important Polish architectural achievements from this period and tries to answer the question: which connects regionalism, nationalism and modern architecture. The interwar period was extremely significant moment in the history of architecture. At that time, architectural design was in crisis. Historicism and eclecticism did not work in the post-industrial world. In many countries you can see the search for a new style, on the one hand, adequate for technological development, on the other hand - based on native traditions and referring to regional architecture. The Polish avant-garde architecture in the interwar period was a very interesting phenomenon. As in a nutshell, different trends have focused here - from the still widespread historicism to secession, from modern trends based on the experiences of leading modernists, such as Stanisław and Barbara Brukalscy, Szymon and Helena Syrkusowie, to the Zakopane style, made by Stanislaw Wyspiański. This period in Polish history of architecture not only radically changed the character of Polish city landscape and shaped further developments, it also transformed the experience of reality in a meaningful way. Despite its significant influence on the present shape of our lived environment the importance of the avant-garde remains poorly recognized. Modernist designers usually turned away from historical background, and at the same time they were intensively looking for a justification for the existence of theirs buildings. They tried to do something new and, simultaneously, were afraid of the reaction of society. Regional architecture, with its details and characteristic solutions, has often become the reference point for modern solutions.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

La cooperación intraclúster mejora la competitividad de las PYME: el papel de las organizaciones de clusters en Polonia

The determinants of SMEs’ competitiveness and, in particular, the constraints faced by SMEs, as well as the implications of the barriers for a firm’s growth have been investigated by a great number of researchers. Despite the popularity of the studies focused on SMEs competitiveness this topic is not losing its relevance, since SMEs are backbone of national economies. The issue is of even greater importance for post-transition economies. In this paper, we argue that intracluster cooperation, which should epitomise the genuine and fully fledged cluster, provides cluster firms, in particular SMEs, with advantages and thus can assist SMEs in upgrading their competitiveness. Special role play in this respect also dedicated cluster organisations. The conceptual part of the paper is accompanied by empirical considerations. Best practices from selected Polish clusters dominated by micro, small and medium enterprises are presented-.Los factores determinantes de la competitividad de las PYME y, en particular, las limitaciones que deben afrontar, así como la implicación de barreras para el crecimiento de cualquier empresa, han sido investigados por un gran número de expertos. A pesar de la popularidad de los estudios centrados en la competitividad de las PYME, este continúa siendo un tema de especial relevancia, ya que las PYME son la columna vertebral de las economías nacionales. La cuestión cobra mayor importancia en el caso de las economías posteriores a la transición. En este estudio sostenemos que la cooperación dentro del clúster, que ha de ser el epítome del clúster genuino y plenamente desarrollado, ofrece a las empresas del grupo, y en particular a las PYME, una serie de ventajas que pueden ayudarlas a ser más competitivas. En dicho contexto las organizaciones de clusters juegan un papel destacado. La parte conceptual del estudio vendrá acompañada de consideraciones empíricas. Asimismo, presentaremos las mejores prácticas de una selección de clusters polacos dominados por las microempresas, las pequeñas empresas y las medianas empresas

Let’s play with Le Corbusier

[EN] The research focuses on the possibility of transferring theoretical ideas of Le Corbusier into educational programs of the very young children – between three and six. The worldwide development of civilization changed the natural environment of the human. For the average European citizen a city is more natural place for living than a forest. Simultaneously, in these days many inhabitants present an extremely conformist approach to life and to the surrounding space. The participation of members of the society in the shaping of public spaces is possible only through the involvement and practice, but the democratic responsibility does not appears out of nowhere. It must be fostered and nurtured as early as in childhood. According to developmental psychology, children in the age of 3-6 are very susceptible to the acquisition of new skills and learn it in an intuitive way. The proper education program using Le Corbusier’s lectures and theory could help them to understand the space better. The seeming simplicity of above rules is an advantage in this case – thereby it can be explained to even such an audience as small children. On the other hand, some kind of abstract and hidden difficulty included in this theory becomes an opportunity to create a very absorbing and stimulating workshops that follow the needs of younger and older children. Le Corbusier’s legacy includes not only physical issues and can be used in many different ways. As Pablo Picasso once stated: every child is an artist, the problem is staying an artist when you grow up. For those reasons, incorporating such an innovative strategy for kids’ education reveals a great potential.[ES] Los estudios realizados enfocan en comprobar las posibilidades de usar las ideas teóricas de Le Corbusier en los programas educativos para niños de tres a seis años. El desarrollo de la civilización ha cambiado el entorno natural del ser humano - una ciudad para el ciudadano promedio de Europa es un lugar más natural para vivir que el bosque. Al mismo tiempo, hay que reconocer que muchas personas muestran el enfoque muy conformista a la vida, tanto al espacio circundante. Esta situación se podría mejorar mediante la participación consciente de los miembros de la sociedad en la creación del espacio público, su compromiso y la práctica. Pero la responsabilidad democrática no aparece sola, se debe estimularla y nutrir ya en la infancia. De acuerdo con la psicología del desarrollo, los niños de 3 a 6 años son muy susceptibles a la adquisición de nuevas habilidades y aprenden de una manera intuitiva. Programa educativo que utiliza los cursos y la teoría de Le Corbusier puede ayudarles a entender mejor el medio ambiente. La aparente sencillez de los principios proclamados por él en este caso es una ventaja. La abstracción y escondidas dificultades incluidas en ellos,nos permiten a crear actividades estimulantes que correspondan a las necesidades de los niños pequeños, tanto y mayores. Como afirmo Pablo Picasso: "Todo niño es un artista. El problema es cómo mantenerse siendo niño una vez que se ha crecido"Świt-Jankowska, B. (2016). Let’s play with Le Corbusier. En LE CORBUSIER. 50 AÑOS DESPUÉS. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 2175-2184. https://doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.891OCS2175218

Efficiency of National Innovation Systems – Poland and Bulgaria in The Context of the Global Innovation Index

The purpose of this paper is to explain how national innovation systems may transform innovation input into innovation output in different counties. Using the Global Innovation Index (GII) we discuss what can be understood by the term ‘innovation’ and how it is translated into the national level. The research question is founded on the assumption that the higher the innovation input, the higher the innovation output attained by a country. We use cluster analysis to verify our assumption, referring to a total of 228 countries. Afterwards we conduct a more in‑depth analysis of two cases (Poland and Bulgaria), where the research question does not find confirmation. Using the cross‑comparison method we aim to verify how and why national innovation systems failed (or succeeded) in creating innovations

The game in space – the phenomenon of an urban game

In the paper, the phenomenon of the urban game is presented in the context of its applicability to architectural education. In the perception of the average inhabitant, the town is only a background for daily activities, and architecture is designed to secure his basic needs. The recent crisis in spatial interactions, analogous to the crisis in social interactions, can be overcome through skilful use of non-standard methods of activating inhabitants – fun and games

Immunoexpression of androgen receptors and aromatase in testes of patient with Klinefelter's syndrome.

Klinefelter's syndrome (47, XXY) is the most common chromosome aneuploidy in men and is usually characterized by underdeveloped testes and sterility. The aim of the present study was to detect cellular distribution of androgen receptors (AR) and aromatase in testes of patient with KS. The tissue sections were processed for morphological and immunohistochemical staining. Additionally, levels of FSH, LH, PRL, estradiol, and testosterone were measured in the plasma. Morphological analysis revealed a complete absence of spermatogenesis. No germ cells were present in seminiferous tubules. In some tubules, nests of apparently degenerating Sertoli cells were found. In the interstitium, Leydig cell hyperplasia was observed. Using immunohistochemistry, nuclear AR staining was detected in Sertoli cells and peritubular cells, whereas in Leydig cells the staining was exclusively cytoplasmic. The immunostaining of aromatase was detected in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells. Increased levels of gonadotropins and decreased level of testosterone concomitantly with the cytoplasmic localization of AR in Leydig cells might contribute to the impaired testicular function in patient with KS

Opportunities and Threats Related to Accession of Poland to the Euro Zone – Perspective of Polish Enterprises

Since its beginning, the European Union has transformed, undergoing many stages of integration, from its origins as a free trade zone, to a customs union, on to a common market, then to an economic monetary union. The establishment of the euro zone was an economic plan aiming to increase the competitiveness of the European economy. At present this economic plan is being embraced by the Polish economy. In this context, the prospect of our country, joining the monetary union, from the perspective of Polish companies, is of particular importance. The main aim of this paper is to attempt to recognize whether Poland’s access to the euro zone is perceived as an opportunity or a threat by Polish managers. First, the authors, by quoting literature written on the subject will present the opportunities and threats related to the functioning of the economic monetary union, then illustrate how they pertain to Poland. This overview is accompanied by empirical research, which took a form of direct interviews conducted in 230 companies from all over Poland

Utilisation and quality of fodders from grass-lands in organic livestock production in Poland

During the years 2004-2005 the investigation of organic farms with livestock production with the questionnaire method and chemical analyses of fod-der from permanent grasslands were cared out. The structure of agriculture lands, type of livestock pro-duction, livestock density and fodders quality from grasslands were evaluated. The quality and quantity of fodders from organic farms was similar to feeds from conventional farms. Also the utilisation of grass-lands for livestock production was better on the stud-ied organic farms than on conventional farms. The high proportion of pastures suggest he proper direc-tion of grasslands utilisation and indicates better effectiveness of those lands in relation to conven-tional farm