Detection of NS1 antigen, IgM antibody for the diagnosis of dengue infection in patients with acute febrile illness

Background: Dengue is an endemic viral disease affecting tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Infection with any 1 of 4 dengue viruses produces with spectrum of clinical illness ranging from a mild undifferentiated febrile illness to dengue fever (DF) to dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), a potentially life threatening disease. The mortality and morbidity of DHF can be reduced by early diagnosis, hospitalisation and careful supportive care. Detection of non-structural antigen (NS1 Ag), IgM and IgG antibody may help in the early diagnosis.Methods: The present study was taken from the Pt J N M Medical College, Raipur (CG.) department of Microbiology. The one year study from August 2014 to July 2015 detection of NS1 Ag and IgM antibody. Elisa were tested a penal compared of 1637 serum specimens collected from acute febrile patients. Out of 1637 patients 538_were found to have acute dengue infection by detection of NS1Ag and anti-dengue IgM Elisa.Results: Out of 1637 patients 538- were found to acute dengue infection. Out of 538– NS1 161—IgM 294 positive. Males are more affected than females and 21 to 30 year age group were more infected. Dengue illness were more in rainy and post rainy season.Conclusions: The present study showed that dengue serological tests have a significant role in the early diagnosis of dengue fever, Hence, it is recommended to do the serological tests (NS1 Ag, IgM, IgG Ab) early in all suspected dengue cases so that, we can diagnosis early and initiate necessary treatment.

Application of Ion Beam Methods in Biomedical Research: Quantitative Microscopy with Trace Element Sensitivity

The methods of analysis with a focused ion beam, commonly termed as nuclear microscopy, include quantitative physical processes like PIXE and RBS. The element concentrations in a sample can be quantitatively mapped with a sub-micron spatial resolution and a sub-ppm sensitivity. Its fully quantitative and non-destructive nature makes it particularly suitable for analysing biological samples. The applications in biomedical research are manifold. The iron overload hypothesis in Parkinson\\\''s disease is investigated by a differential analysis of human substantia nigra. The trace element content is quantified in neuromelanin, in microglia cells, and in extraneuronal environment. A comparison of six Parkinsonian cases with six control cases revealed no significant elevation in iron level bound to neuromelanin. In fact, a decrease in the Fe/S ratio of Parkinsonian neuromelanin was measured, suggesting a modification in its iron binding properties. Drosophila melanogaster, or the fruit fly, is a widely used model organism in neurobiological experiments. The electrolyte elements are quantified in various organs associated with the olfactory signalling, namely the brain, the antenna and its sensilla hairs, the mouth parts, and the compound eye. The determination of spatially resolved element concentrations is useful in preparing the organ specific Ringer\\\''s solution, an artificial lymph that is used in disruptive neurobiological experiments. The role of trace elements in the progression of atherosclerosis is examined in a pilot study. A differential quantification of the element content in an induced murine atherosclerotic lesion reveals elevated S and Ca levels in the artery wall adjacent to the lesion and an increase in iron in the lesion. The 3D quantitative distribution of elements is reconstructed by means of stacking the 2D quantitative maps of consecutive sections of an artery. The feasibility of generating a quantitative elemental rodent brain atlas by Large Area Mapping is investigated by measuring at high beam currents. A whole coronal section of the rat brain was measured in segments in 14 h. Individual quantitative maps of the segments are pieced together to reconstruct a high-definition element distribution map of the whole section with a subcellular spatial resolution. The use of immunohistochemical staining enhanced with single elements helps in determining the cell specific element content. Its concurrent use with Large Area Mapping can give cellular element distribution maps

Wiener index of the Cozero-divisor graph of a finite commutative ring

Let $R$ be a ring with unity. The cozero-divisor graph of a ring $R$, denoted by $\Gamma'(R)$, is an undirected simple graph whose vertices are the set of all non-zero and non-unit elements of $R$, and two distinct vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent if and only if $x \notin Ry$ and $y \notin Rx$. In this article, we extend some of the results of [24] to an arbitrary ring. In this connection, we derive a closed-form formula of the Wiener index of the cozero-divisor graph of a finite commutative ring $R$. As applications, we compute the Wiener index of $\Gamma'(R)$, when either $R$ is the product of ring of integers modulo $n$ or a reduced ring. At the final part of this paper, we provide a SageMath code to compute the Wiener index of the cozero-divisor graph of these class of rings including the ring $\mathbb{Z}_{n}$ of integers modulo $n$

Value added products from agrowaste

India generates over 400 million tones of agro-forest residues. Agricultural and forest biomass are available in large enough quantities to be considered for large-scale production of alcohol-based fuels.  Chhattisgarh is considered rice bowl of India. Rice is an annual crop and one of the byproduct is rice straw. Rice straw can be used as the source of biomasss and lignin.The various other non-woods available are wheat straw, rice straw, barley straw, grass seed straw, flax coil seed, corn stalks, sorghum stalks, sugarcane bagasse, reeds, hemp fiber, sabai grass, cotton staples, stem fibers (hemp, kenaf, jute) etc .Technologies based on the efficient conversion of low quality or waste lignocellulosic residues into fuel and industrially important chemicals represent possible long-term solution to a number of major global problems. The farmers will be benefited economically as their agricultural by-products will provide better cost sharing. The cost of production of chemicals will also be reduced due to involvement of microorganisms and biochemical processes involved therein. The lignin and cellulose obtained from agrowaste can provide a major carbon resource for biotransformation technologies and  are anticipated to provide a novel avenue for non-polluting industries by reducing carbon emission.Lignin, as the most abundant natural aromatic material, is being considered for new economical applications such as bio-fuel, binder, dispersant or emulsifier, phenolic resins, carbon fibers automotive brakes, wood panel products, polyurethane foams, epoxy resins for printed circuit boards etc.Various methods, for example, chemical, biological, photochemical, and electrochemical methods, have been explored for the oxidation of lignin to obtain value-added products.The biotransformation of extracted lignin was observed using microorganism. The spectrophotometric analysis between control and experimental samples showed new peaks in region 230 nm and 280 nm in experimental extract. Further analysis of degraded lignin from selected fungus was done by LC-MS. LC– MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy) was performed with lignin samples obtained from untreated lignin sample as control and treated lignin sample with microorganism. While the lignin sample which was treated with microorganismsshows several new peaks which indicate the degradation of lignin.In long termagrowaste based processes will lead to development of novel cost-effective process and bio-products of industrial importance involving the rural people, academia and industries on a cost-sharing basis thus leading to a sustainable development

Left renal agenesis with left ectopic ureter opening into vas deferens with urinary tract infection: Managed conservatively - A rare case report

Renal agenesis with an ectopic ureter draining into the reproductive system is a rare entity. It usually presents before third decade oflife. We are reporting a case of delayed presentation of left renal agenesis with ectopic ureter opening into the vas deferens withoutinfertility presenting due to urinary tract infection and managed conservatively

Metformin in Non-diabetic Conditions: An Overview

Metformin has been proven to be one of the most safe and effective antihyperglycemic agent. Jean Sterne in 1957 first used metformin for treatment of diabetes mellitus type II. The main effect of this drug from the biguanide family is to acutely decrease hepatic glucose production, mostly through a mild and transient inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. The drug is an insulin sensitizer, leading to reduction in insulin resistance and significant plasma fasting insulin levels. Additionally, the resulting decrease in hepatic energy status activates AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), a cellular metabolic sensor, having action on hepatic gluconeogenesis. It depicted marvelous non-glycemic related effects. The drug because of positive charge, can only partially cross the plasma membrane by passive diffusion. Its intracellular pathways are mediated by different isomers of organic cation transporters (OCT 1 for liver tissues and OCT 2 in the kidneys). These effects include modulation of different points of cancer timeline, weight reduction, cardiovascular health, thyroid diseases, polycystic ovaries disease and many other medical conditions. The aim of this review is to familiarize the effects of metformin in non-diabetes related medical disorders, advances in our understanding of this drug and its pathways in health and diseases

Synthesis, Characterization of Dichlorofluorescein Silver Nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) and Their Effect on Seed Germination of <em>Vigna radiata</em>

The main objective of this study was to investigate whether dichlorofluorescein (DCF) is adequate for the formulation of stable dichlorofluorescein-induced silver nanoparticles under the boiling method to analyze their effects on the seed germination of Mung seeds (Vigna radiata). Preliminary dichlorofluoresceine nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) synthesis evidence by noticing the solution color transformed from a light green color to a dark brown color. The 2.5 ml of dichlorofluoresceine (DCF) solution was found sufficient for the formulation of dichlorofluoresceine induced silver nanoparticles at boiling conditions. Purified dichlorofluoresceine nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) measure an average diameter of 293 nm where the majority of nanoparticles were around 159 nm in size with the surface load of-9.35 mV zeta potential value. The impact of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) on the germination percentage of V. radiata has shown that, the 25% concentration of DCF-SNPs is excellent for the growth of Mung seeds (V. radiata). Overall, the dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles may be constructive for improving the percentage of seed germination at 25% of its concentration and may also be useful for fluorescent measurement using the confocal microscopy technique. Hence, dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) are proposed as an efficient detection system for nanoparticles in agrochemicals for plants

Quantitative detection of drug dose and spatial distribution in the lung revealed by Cryoslicing Imaging

AbstractAdministration of drugs via inhalation is an attractive route for pulmonary and systemic drug delivery. The therapeutic outcome of inhalation therapy depends not only on the dose of the lung-delivered drug, but also on its bioactivity and regional distribution. Fluorescence imaging has the potential to monitor these aspects already during preclinical development of inhaled drugs, but quantitative methods of analysis are lacking. In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate that Cryoslicing Imaging allows for 3D quantitative fluorescence imaging on ex vivo murine lungs. Known amounts of fluorescent substance (nanoparticles or fluorophore–drug conjugate) were instilled in the lungs of mice. The excised lungs were measured by Cryoslicing Imaging. Herein, white light and fluorescence images are obtained from the face of a gradually sliced frozen organ block. A quantitative representation of the fluorescence intensity throughout the lung was inferred from the images by accounting for instrument noise, tissue autofluorescence and out-of-plane fluorescence. Importantly, the out-of-plane fluorescence correction is based on the experimentally determined effective light attenuation coefficient of frozen murine lung tissue (10.0±0.6cm−1 at 716nm). The linear correlation between pulmonary total fluorescence intensity and pulmonary fluorophore dose indicates the validity of this method and allows direct fluorophore dose assessment. The pulmonary dose of a fluorescence-labeled drug (FcγR-Alexa750) could be assessed with an estimated accuracy of 9% and the limit of detection in ng regime. Hence, Cryoslicing Imaging can be used for quantitative assessment of dose and 3D distribution of fluorescence-labeled drugs or drug carriers in the lungs of mice

How can we maximize the diagnostic utility of uroflow?: ICI-RS 2017

© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Aims: To gauge the current level of diagnostic utility of uroflowmetry and to suggest areas needing research to improve this. Methods: A summary of the debate held at the 2017 meeting of the International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society, with subsequent analysis by the authors. Results: Limited diagnostic sensitivity and specificity exist for maximum flow rates, multiple uroflow measurements, and flow-volume nomograms. There is a lack of clarity in flow rate curve shape description and uroflow time measurement. Conclusions: There is a need for research to combine uroflowmetry with other non-invasive indicators. Better standardizations of test technique, flow-volume nomograms, uroflow shape descriptions, and time measurements are required