Identification of expectations and encountered problems of the middle-school students participating in the sports activities

In healthy societies, physical education and sport activities carry important roles in raising individuals. Previous scientific researches point out that physical activity is very important in the development process of the children. Therefore, children need to be supported in joining planned and systematic physical education and sport activities in both family and school life, beginning at very young ages. Every possibility should be offered to the children for performing sport activities healthily in the habitat while also taking precautions.The purpose of the study is to identify the expectations of the middle-school students and the problems they encounter when attending sport activities in their family and school lives. The data was collected through a survey developed by the researchers. A descriptive method with the aim of revealing the current situation was used in the study. The population of this study consisted of 2500 students, studying in the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grades of the middle-school. Two middle schools from the schools within the Sakarya province were selected through a random selection method. The survey was applied to a total amount of 400 volunteer students that were selected as the sample group and studied in these schools. The SPSS 15.0 for Windows software was used for the data analysis. Frequency analysis was used in order to determine the quantity and percentage distributions of the demographic information of the participants. On the other hand, chi-square analysis was used for the comparison of the problems and expectations related to family and school life in regards to the demographic variables. The level of significance in the chi-square analysis was specified as p<0,05.As a result of the study, in relation to the family and school life, the male students were found to have more problems and expectations regarding the participation in physical education and sport activities, when compared to female students. In addition to this, the students who participated in physical education and sport activities regularly seemed to have bigger expectations and more problems with their families.The problems and expectations of participating students regarding the family and school life were identified and suggestions for possible solutions were presented. The study is hoped to be beneficial for the field

Determination of the expectations of middle school students participating in physical education and sports activities from their families, school principals and teachersBeden eğitimi ve spor etkinliklerine katılan ortaokul öğrencilerinin aile, okul yöneticileri ve öğretmenlerden beklentilerinin belirlenmesi

Individuals’ living happily and according to social rules is related to good relations with each other and being helpful, respectful for human rights, honest and mentally and physically healthy.  Physical education and sports activities can be a strong field of education ensuring the growth, development and behavior changes of students. Therefore, it is important for children to be directed to sports in early ages by families and educators. The expectations of children must be recognized in order to do sports healthily. The purpose of this research is to determine the expectations of Imam Hatip Secondary School and other Secondary School students from family, school principals and teachers regarding the participation to physical education and sports activities and to compare these expectations according to school type and gender. Data were acquired through a questionnaire. Data collection tool is composed of two parts. In the first part, there is a questionnaire named “Determining the expectations in attending to physical education and sports activities” which was developed by the researchers and demographic information belonging to the students can be found in the second part. A descriptive method was used in the research to find out the current situation. The universe of the research was composed of 2500 students studying in the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grade at İmam Hatip and other Secondary Schools. Questionnaire form was applied to 400 volunteer students in the Serdivan Mehmet Demir Imam Hatip Secondary School and Serdivan Zübeyde Hanım Secondary School in Sakarya province selected with random method. SPSS 15.0 for Windows packet program was used in the analysis of the acquired data. Frequency analysis was used in determining percentage distributions and numbers of demographic information of the attendees. Chi-Square analysis was utilized in comparing the expectations of the participants from family, school principals and teachers during their participation to physical education and sports activities by the demographic variables. Significance level in Chi-Square analysis was determined as p<0,05.In conclusion, the expectations of the students from family, school principals and teachers during their participation to physical education and sports activities were determined. It was also revealed that these expectations differ by the type o school students study and sex.It is suggested that the results of the research will contribute to determine the expectations of the students attending to the physical education and sports activities, to produce solutions and to meet their needs.  ÖzetBireylerin, toplum kurallarına uygun ve mutlu yaşaması, birbiriyle ilişkilerinin iyi olması, yardımsever, insan haklarına saygılı, dürüst, ruhsal ve bedensel yapı itibariyle sağlıklı olmasıyla bağlantılıdır. Beden eğitimi ve spor etkinlikleri öğrencilerin büyüme, gelişme ve davranış değişimlerini sağlayan güçlü bir eğitim alanıdır. Bundan dolayı çocukların küçük yaşlardan itibaren aileler ve eğitimciler tarafından spora yönlendirilmeleri önemli olmaktadır. Sağlıklı bir şekilde spor yapabilmeleri için de çocukların beklentilerinin bilinmesi gereklidir.Bu araştırmanın amacı; İmam hatip ortaokullarında okuyan öğrenciler ile diğer ortaokullarda okuyan öğrencilerin beden eğitimi ve spor etkinliklerine katılımda aile, okul yöneticileri ve öğretmenlerden beklentilerinin belirlenip cinsiyete ve okul türüne göre karşılaştırılmasıdır. Verilere anket uygulamasıyla ulaşılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı, iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilmiş “Beden eğitimi ve spor etkinliklerine katılımda beklentileri belirleme” anketi,  ikinci bölümde ise öğrencilere ait demografik bilgiler bulunmaktadır. Araştırmada mevcut durumu ortaya çıkartmayı amaçlayan betimsel bir yöntem kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın evrenini 2500 imam hatip ve diğer ortaokullardaki, 5. 6. 7. ve 8. sınıf öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma için tesadüfi yöntemle belirlenen Sakarya ilindeki Serdivan Mehmet Demir İmam Hatip Ortaokulu ile Serdivan Zübeyde Hanım Ortaokulu’ndaki toplam 400 gönüllü öğrenciye anket formu uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde SPSS 15.0 for Windows paket programı kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların demografik bilgilerinin yüzdelik dağılımlarının ve sayılarının belirlenmesinde frekans analizi kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların beden eğitimi ve spor etkinliklerine katılım süresi boyunca aile, okul yöneticileri ve öğretmenlerden beklentilerinin demografik değişkenlere göre karşılaştırılmasında ise ki-kare analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Ki-kare analizinde anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak belirlenmiştir.Sonuç olarak araştırmada, öğrencilerin beden eğitimi ve spor etkinliklerine katılım süresince aile, okul yöneticileri ve öğretmenlerden beklentilerinin neler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bu beklentilerin öğrencilerin okudukları okul türü ve cinsiyete göre de farklılık gösterdiği ortaya koyulmuştur.Bu araştırma sonuçları beden eğitimi ve spor etkinliklerine katılan öğrencilerin beklentilerinin belirlenmesi ve onlara yönelik çözüm üretilmesi, ihtiyaçlarının giderilmesi açısından alana katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir

Determining of expectations of amateur and professional football players towards their futures after they quit football (Ankara province example)Amatör ve profesyonel futbolcuların futbolu bıraktıktan sonraki ileriye dönük beklentilerinin belirlenmesi (Ankara ili örneği)

The aim of this study is to determine the future expectations of amateur and professional footballers after their active football life. The amateur and professional football teams which participated the study were chosen randomly. 425 out of 644 questionnaires were completed willingly by the footballers. As well as demographic features of footballers such as marital status, age, football age, yearly income gained through football and education, future expectations of the footballers were determined through a questionnaire called ‘Questionnaire for Future Expectations’ developed by the researcher.  To analyze the data, some tests such as independent -samples, T test and one-way ANOVA were applied. In the findings part, arithmetic mean, frequency, percentage and standard deviation were given in tables. For 26 questions out of 32, a significant different was found according to whether they are amateur or professional. While it is statistically meaningful for 19 questions out of those 26 questions for amateur footballers, it is not the same for seven professional ones. When the means of the answers of the footballers participated the study were analyzed, the lowest mean was found for being a physiotherapist, working in the local and national mass and printed media. The highest mean was found similarly related to being a trainer and bringing skilled footballers by being a trainer in the youth set up. Some suggestions are presented in the light of the study.   ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı, amatör ve profesyonel futbolcuların, aktif futbol yaşantıları sonrasında ileriye dönük beklentilerinin belirlenmektir.  Çalışmaya katılacak amatör ve profesyonel futbol takımları random yoluyla belirlenmiştir. Gönderilen 644 anketin 425’i futbolcular tarafından gönüllü olarak cevaplanmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan futbolcuların medeni durumu, yaşı, futbol yaşı, futboldan edindiği yıllık kazancı, eğitim durumu gibi kişisel özelliklerinin yanında, futbolu bıraktıktan sonraki ileriye dönük beklentileri araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen ‘İleriye Dönük Beklenti Anketi’ ile belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin incelenmesinde "independent-samples T test" ve "one-way ANOVA" testleri uygulanmıştır. Bulgular kısmında aritmetik ortalama, frekans, yüzde ve standart sapmalar, tablolar halinde verilmiştir. Futbolculara yöneltilen 32 sorudan 26’sında, amatör ve profesyonel olmalarına göre anlamlı fark tespit edilmiştir. Bu 26 sorunun 19’undaki istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunan fark, amatör futbolcular için söz konusu iken, 7’sinin profesyonel futbolcular için söz konusu olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ankete katılan futbolcuların sorulara verdikleri cevapların ortalamaları incelendiğinde, her iki grupta da en düşük ortalama, fizyoterapist olmak ve yerel/ulusal yazılı basın ile görsel medyada çalışmakla ilgili olarak bulunmuştur. En yüksek ortalama ise benzer şekilde, antrenör olmak ve altyapıda antrenörlük yapıp yetenekli gençleri ülke futboluna kazandırmakla ilgili olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan araştırma sonunda bazı öneriler sunulmuştur.

Mathematical modelling of nonlinear thermal radiation effects on EMHD peristaltic pumping of viscoelastic dusty fluid through a porous medium duct

Biologically-inspired propulsion systems are currently receiving significant interest in the aerospace sector. Since many spacecraft propulsion systems operate at high temperatures, thermal radiation is important as a mode of heat transfer. Motivated by these developments, in the present article, the influence of nonlinear thermal radiation (via the Rosseland diffusion flux model) has been studied on the laminar, incompressible, dissipative EMHD (Electro-magneto-hydrodynamic) peristaltic propulsive flow of a non-Newtonian (Jefferys viscoelastic) dusty fluid containing solid particles through a porous planar channel. The fluid is electrically-conducting and a constant static magnetic field is applied transverse to the flow direction (channel walls). Slip effects are also included. Magnetic induction effects are neglected. The mathematical formulation is based on continuity, momentum and energy equations with appropriate boundary conditions, which are simplified by neglecting the inertial forces and taking the long wavelength and lubrication approximations. The boundary value problem is then rendered non-dimensional with appropriate variables and the resulting system of reduced ordinary differential equations is solved analytically. The impact of various emerging parameters dictating the non-Newtonian propulsive flow i.e. Prandtl number, radiation parameter, Hartmann number, permeability parameter, Eckert number, particle volume fraction, electric field and slip parameter are depicted graphically. Increasing particle volume fraction is observed to suppress temperature magnitudes. Furthermore the computations demonstrate that an increase in particle volume fraction reduces the pumping rate in retrograde pumping region whereas it causes the opposite effect in the co-pumping region. The trapping mechanism is also visualized with the aid of streamline contour plots. Increasing thermal radiation elevates temperatures. Increasing Hartmann (magnetic body force) number decreases the size of the trapping bolus whereas the quantity of the does not effected. Conversely increasing particle volume fraction reduces the magnitude of the trapping bolus whereas the number of trapped bolus remains constant

NMDA Mediated Contextual Conditioning Changes miRNA Expression

We measured the expression of 187 miRNAs using quantitative real time PCR in the hippocampal CA1 region of contextually conditioned mice and cultured embryonic rat hippocampal neurons after neuronal stimulation with either NMDA or bicuculline. Many of the changes in miRNA expression after these three types of stimulation were similar. Surprisingly, the expression level of half of the 187 measured miRNAs was changed in response to contextual conditioning in an NMDA receptor-dependent manner. Genes that control miRNA biogenesis and components of the RISC also exhibited activity induced expression changes and are likely to contribute to the widespread changes in the miRNA profile. The widespread changes in miRNA expression are consistent with the finding that genes up-regulated by contextual conditioning have longer 3′ UTRs and more predicted binding sites for miRNAs. Among the miRNAs that changed their expression after contextual conditioning, several inhibit inhibitors of the mTOR pathway. These findings point to a role for miRNAs in learning and memory that includes mTOR-dependent modulation of protein synthesis

Male Oxidative Stress Infertility (MOSI): Proposed Terminology and Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Idiopathic Male Infertility

Despite advances in the field of male reproductive health, idiopathic male infertility, in which a man has altered semen characteristics without an identifiable cause and there is no female factor infertility, remains a challenging condition to diagnose and manage. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress (OS) plays an independent role in the etiology of male infertility, with 30% to 80% of infertile men having elevated seminal reactive oxygen species levels. OS can negatively affect fertility via a number of pathways, including interference with capacitation and possible damage to sperm membrane and DNA, which may impair the sperm’s potential to fertilize an egg and develop into a healthy embryo. Adequate evaluation of male reproductive potential should therefore include an assessment of sperm OS. We propose the term Male Oxidative Stress Infertility, or MOSI, as a novel descriptor for infertile men with abnormal semen characteristics and OS, including many patients who were previously classified as having idiopathic male infertility. Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) can be a useful clinical biomarker for the classification of MOSI, as it takes into account the levels of both oxidants and reductants (antioxidants). Current treatment protocols for OS, including the use of antioxidants, are not evidence-based and have the potential for complications and increased healthcare-related expenditures. Utilizing an easy, reproducible, and cost-effective test to measure ORP may provide a more targeted, reliable approach for administering antioxidant therapy while minimizing the risk of antioxidant overdose. With the increasing awareness and understanding of MOSI as a distinct male infertility diagnosis, future research endeavors can facilitate the development of evidence-based treatments that target its underlying cause

BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License

Beden eğitimi ve spor etkinliklerinin psikolojik dayanıklılık ve akademik ertelemeye etkisi

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü TEZlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of participation in sports activities on the psychological endurance and academic procrastination of middle-school students. 2x3 (experimental/control groups X pre-test/post-test/observation test) split plot research design was used in the study. Surveys were applied to 85 students who attended 9th grade courses at a middle-school connected to the Sakarya Provincial Directorate for National Education and in accordance with the psychological endurance and academic procrastination scores, 40 students (20 female and 20 male) with the lowest scores were chosen as the participants and separated as the experiment and control groups. The "Preventing Academic Procrastination and Increasing Physical Endurance with Physical Education and Sports Activities Program" which was designed by the researcher was applied to the students in the experimental group during 12 weeks. The students in the control group were not involved in any physical activity program during this process and continued their education in accordance with the existing curriculum. The psychological endurance and academic procrastination levels of the students in the experiment and control groups were measured through a pre-test before the program, post-test in the end of 12 weeks and observation test 2 months after the program. 'Psychological Endurance Scale' adapted for Turkish by Basım and Çetin (2011) was used within the scope of this study in order to identify the psychological endurance levels of the students who participated in the study while on the other hand, 'Academic Procrastination Scale' created by Çakıcı (2003) was used in order to identify the academic procrastination levels of the students. SPSS 22.0 software for Windows was used in the statistical analysis process of the collected data. Frequency analysis was used in order to identify the percentage distribution of the students' demographic information. On the other hand, Repetitive Measurements Variance Analysis was used for testing the significance levels of the scores derived from questionnaires applied to the students at 3 separate times. The significance level was determined as p0,05) could be observed between the post-test and observation test scores related to the academic procrastination. On the other hand, in comparison to the pre-test, a significant increase in the post-test and observation scores was located in the control group, while no significant difference (p>0,05) could be found between the post-test and observation test scores.As a result, participation in the physical education and sports activities in the middle-school children was determined to be increasing the psychological endurance level while also contributing to the decrease of the academic procrastination behavior. In the light of the acquired findings, it can be stated that participation in physical education and sports activities can be beneficial in decreasing the levels of displaying the behavior of academic procrastination and increasing the levels of psychological endurance in middle-school students. Provided that the Physical Education curriculum of the Ministry of National Education is constructed reliably, it will increase the psychological endurance of the students while also removing their academic procrastination. Therefore, increasing the compulsory physical education course hours and increasing the sports activities in the schools is suggested. Keywords: Middle-School Students, Physical Education and Sports, Psychological Endurance, Academic Procrastination.Yapılan bu araştırmada ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde spor etkinliklerine katılımın psikolojik dayanıklılık ve akademik erteleme üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada 2x3'lük (deney/kontrol grupları X ön-test/son-test/izleme testi) split plot araştırma deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya 2014-2015 öğretim yılında Sakarya İl Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğü'ne bağlı bir ortaöğretim kurumunda 9. sınıfta öğrenim görmekte olan 85 öğrenciye ölçekler uygulanmış ve psikolojik dayanıklılık ve akademik erteleme puanları en düşük öğrencilerden 20 kız ve 20 erkek olmak üzere toplam 40 öğrenci katılımcı olarak seçilerek deney ve kontrol grubu olarak ayrılmıştır. Deney grubunda bulunan öğrencilere 12 hafta boyunca araştırmacı tarafından tasarlanan 'Beden eğitimi ve spor etkinlikleri ile psikolojik dayanıklılığı artırma ve akademik ertelemeyi önleme programı' uygulanmıştır. Bu süreçte kontrol grubunda bulunan öğrenciler herhangi bir fiziksel etkinlik programına dâhil edilmemiş, mevcut ders müfredatına göre eğitimlerine devam etmişlerdir. Araştırmada programdan önce ön test, 12 hafta sonra son test ve 2 ay sonra ise izleme testi yapılarak deney ve kontrol grubunda bulunan öğrencilerin psikolojik dayanıklılık ve akademik erteleme düzeyleri ölçülmüştür. Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeylerinin belirlenmesinde Basım ve Çetin (2011) tarafından Türkçe'ye uyarlanan 'Yetişkinler İçin Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği' kullanılmış olup, öğrencilerin akademik erteleme düzeylerinin belirlenmesinde ise Çakıcı (2003) tarafından geliştirilen 'Akademik Erteleme Ölçeği' kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizlerinde SPSS 22.0 for Windows Paket Programı kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilerin demografik bilgilerinin yüzdelik dağılımlarının belirlenmesinde frekans analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Öğrencilere 3 farklı zamanda uygulanan anketlerden elde edilen puanların anlamlılık düzeylerinin test edilmesi için ise Tekrarlı Ölçümler Varyans Analizi kullanılmıştır. Varyans Analizi sırasında anlamlılık düzeyi p0.05). Buna karşılık kontrol grubunda ön test ile kıyaslandığı zaman son test ve izleme skorlarında anlamlı bir artış meydana geldiği, son test ve izleme testi skorları arasında ise anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmadığı belirlenmiştir (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak, ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde beden eğitimi ve spor etkinliklerine katılımın psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyini arttırdığı, bunun yanında akademik erteleme davranışının azalmasına katkı sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeylerinin yükseltilmesinde akademik erteleme davranışı sergileme düzeylerinin azaltılmasında ve beden eğitimi ve spor etkinliklerine katılımın faydalı olacağı söylenebilir. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı beden eğitimi dersi programı sağlıklı yapılırsa öğrencilerde psikolojik dayanıklılığı artırır ve akademik ertelemeyi ortadan kaldırır. Bundan dolayı okullarda zorunlu beden eğitimi ders saatlerinin ve spor etkinliklerinin arttırılması önerilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ortaöğretim Öğrencileri, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor, Psikolojik Dayanıklılık, Akademik Ertelem