Testing GUI-based Software with Undetermined Input Spaces

Most software applications feature a Graphical User Interface (GUI) front-end as the main, and often the only, method for the user to interact with the software. System-testing a software application requires it to be tested as a whole through the GUI. Testers need to generate sequences of GUI events (e.g., mouse clicks and menu selections) to exercise various behaviors of the application. Because the input space of a typical GUI (i.e., the space of all possible GUI events and their interactions) is often enormous, manual GUI testing is impractical. Model-based testing is a new approach that automatically and systematically generates a large number of test cases by leveraging a formal model representing the GUI input space. Unfortunately, modern applications often have a ``context-sensitive reachability GUI,'' in which the GUI components are only reachable with some particular state or environment constraints. Thus, it is challenging to determine the GUI input space and and obtain a GUI model for automated GUI testing. This research proposes new testing techniques to tackle the challenges in model-based GUI testing. The central thesis is this: GUI-based applications can be effectively and efficiently tested by systematically and incrementally leveraging the application runtime execution observations. To explore the thesis, a novel model-based testing paradigm called Observer-Model-Exercise* (OME*) is developed. This paradigm relies on the opportunistic observations obtained during test case execution to incrementally explore the GUI input space and construct a GUI model for test case generation. To evaluate OME*, an open-source automated model-based GUI testing framework called GUITAR is developed. An empirical study with 8 widely-used open-source applications demonstrated that the OME* approach is feasible. Compared to previous model-based testing approaches, OME* was able to increase the GUI input space discovered by as much as 1,044%. As a result, 34 new faults were detected in the subject applications

Enhancement of emission currents in plasma electron sourcesbased on a low-pressure arc discharge

The paper reports on a theoretical and experimental study of the discharge plasma generation with an enhanced electron emission current in a plasma electron source based on a low-pressure arc discharge with a grid-stabilized plasma emission boundary. The source operates at a pressure in the working chamber of р = 0.02–0.05 Pa (Ar), accelerating voltage of up to Ua = 10 kV, and longitudinal magnetic field for electron beam transport of up to Bz = 0.1 T. The experiments show that in the mode of electron emission from the plasma, the voltage Ud between the cathode and grid electrode changes its sign. The numerical simulation demonstrates that the plasma potential and voltage Ud depend on the electric field penetrating from the acceleration gap into the discharge region through the grid meshes, and on the discharge current, gas pressure, geometric transparency of the grid, and gas kind. It is shown that the main mechanisms responsible for the increase in the discharge current and electron emission current from the plasma are associated with secondary ion-electron emission from the emission electrode and with positive feedback between the region of cathode plasma generation and the channel of electron beam transport

Detection of lithium in nearby young late-M dwarfs

Late M-type dwarfs in the solar neighborhood include a mixture of very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs which is difficult to disentangle due to the lack of constraints on their age such as trigonometric parallax, lithium detection and space velocity. We search for young brown dwarf candidates among a sample of 28 nearby late-M dwarfs with spectral types between M5.0 and M9.0, and we also search for debris disks around three of them. Based on theoretical models, we used the color $I-J$, the $J$-band absolute magnitude and the detection of the Li I 6708 $\AA$ doublet line as a strong constraint to estimate masses and ages of our targets. For the search of debris disks, we observed three targets at submillimeter wavelength of 850 $\mu$m. We report here the first clear detections of lithium absorption in four targets and a marginal detection in one target. Our mass estimates indicate that two of them are young brown dwarfs, two are young brown dwarf candidates and one is a young very low-mass star. The closest young field brown dwarf in our sample at only $\sim$15 pc is an excellent benchmark for further studying physical properties of brown dwarfs in the range 100$-$150 Myr. We did not detect any debris disks around three late-M dwarfs, and we estimated upper limits to the dust mass of debris disks around them.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

Lower and upper bound intercept probability analysis in amplifier-and-forward time switching relaying half-duplex with impact the eavesdropper

In this paper, we proposed and investigated the amplifier-and-forward (AF) time switching relaying half-duplex with impact the eavesdropper. In this system model, the source (S) and the destination (D) communicate with each other via a helping of the relay (R) in the presence of the eavesdropper (E). The R harvests energy from the S and uses this energy for information transferring to the D. For deriving the system performance, the lower and upper bound system intercept probability (IP) is proposed and demonstrated. Furthermore, the Monte Carlo simulation is provided to justify the correctness of the mathematical, analytical expression of the lower and upper bound IP. The results show that the analytical and the simulation curves are the same in connection with the primary system parameters

Designing a novel heterostructure AgInS₂@MIL-101(Cr) photocatalyst from PET plastic waste for tetracycline degradation

Semiconductor-containing porous materials with a well-defined structure could be unique scaffolds for carrying out selective organic transformations driven by visible light. We herein introduce for the first time a heterostructure of silver indium sulfide (AgInS(2)) ternary chalcogenide and a highly porous MIL-101(Cr) metal–organic framework (MOF) synthesised from polyethylene terephthalate plastic waste. Our results demonstrate that AgInS(2) nanoparticles were uniformly attached to each lattice plane of the octahedral MIL-101(Cr) structure, resulting in a nanocomposite with a high distribution of semiconductors in a porous media. We also demonstrate that the nanocomposite with up to 40% of AgInS(2) doping exhibited excellent catalytic activity for tetracycline degradation under visible light irradiation (∼99% tetracycline degraded after 4 h) and predominantly maintained its performance after five cycles. These results could promote a new material circularity pathway to develop new semiconductors that can be used to protect water from further pollution

Mapping for engagement: setting up a community based participatory research project to reach underserved communities at risk for Hepatitis C in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Background: Approximately 1. 07 million people in Vietnam are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). To address this epidemic, the South East Asian Research Collaborative in Hepatitis (SEARCH) launched a 600-patient cohort study and two clinical trials, both investigating shortened treatment strategies for chronic HCV infection with direct-acting antiviral drugs. We conducted ethnographic research with a subset of trial participants and found that the majority were aware of HCV infection and its implications and were motivated to seek treatment. However, people who inject drugs (PWID), and other groups at risk for HCV were under-represented, although injecting drug use is associated with high rates of HCV. Material and Methods: We designed a community-based participatory research (CBPR) study to engage in dialogues surrounding HCV and other community-prioritized health issues with underserved groups at risk for HCV in Ho Chi Minh City. The project consists of three phases: situation analysis, CBPR implementation, and dissemination. In this paper, we describe the results of the first phase (i.e., the situation analysis) in which we conducted desk research and organized stakeholder mapping meetings with representatives from local non-government and community-based organizations where we used participatory research methods to identify and analyze key stakeholders working with underserved populations. Results: Twenty six institutions or groups working with the key underserved populations were identified. Insights about the challenges and dynamics of underserved communities were also gathered. Two working groups made up of representatives from the NGO and CBO level were formed. Discussion: Using the information provided by local key stakeholders to shape the project has helped us to build solid relationships, give the groups a sense of ownership from the early stages, and made the project more context specific. These steps are not only important preliminary steps for participatory studies but also for other research that takes place within the communities

The Practice Of Art in Pediatric Nursing

Giriş: Hastaneye yatmanın çocuğun gelişimi üzerine olumsuz etkileri vardır. Çocuk için hastane korkutan, rahatsız eden ve hoş olmayan yaşantıları içerir. Travmatize olan çocuk, normalde yapabildiği günlük pek çok işini yerine getiremez, sözel iletişim kurmakta zorlanır. Sözsüz ifade ise ancak sanat gibi bir yöntemle açığa çıkarılabilir. Sanat arzu edilen sonuca ulaşmak için bilgi ve becerinin kullanılmasıdır. Hemşirelikte sanat, hastaların gereksinimleri ve kaygılarını anlamak, hastaların yeterliliğini artıran amaçlar ve uygulamalar geliştirmek, hastaların durumunu iyileştirmek için kullanılır. Çocuk hemşireliği, primer hemşirelik, aile merkezli bakım ve atravmatik bakım bileşenlerinden oluşur. Çocuk hemşireliğinde sanat uygulamaları değerlendirirken bu bileşenler üzerinden değerlendirilmelidir. Bu derlemede, hemşireliğin sanatsal boyutu ile, çocuk hemşireliğinde sanatın yeri ve çocuk sağlığı uygulamaları için önemi tartışılmış, sanat içerikli araştırmaların çocuk sağlığı açısından yararları ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.  Introduction: Entering a hospital has negative effects on the development of child. Hospital includes fear, disturbia and bad experiences for a child. The child who is tramvatic can not do many daily activities which normaly can be performed and has the difficulty of doing verbal communication Non-verbal communication can only be come out with a princible like art. Art is the usage of information and skill in order to arrive a result which is desired. Art in the nursing is understanding the needs of patents and fears, improving the sufficiency of patients and developing principles are used in order to do good fort he patients. Childhood nursing is composed of primer nursing, family-based maintenance and traummatic maintenance. While art practises is evaluated, it must be evaluated from this comporents in this collection the artistic valve of nursing and the place of art in the childhood nursing and child-health practises are debated, the benefits of art based inquires are put forwar