Effekte der Linolsäurederivate 12,13-Epoxyoctadecensäure(-methylester) und 12,13-Dihydroxyoctadecensäure(-methylester) auf das isolierte murine Herz

Hintergrund: Kardiale Ischämie-Reperfusionsschäden sind geprägt durch die Bildung und den Einfluss von Mediatoren aus Lipidbestandteilen auf der Basis mehrfach ungesättigter Fettsäuren. Zu diesen zählt die Linolsäure (LA), die über CytochromP450(CYP)-Epoxygenasen zunächst zu Epoxyoctadecensäure(-methylester) (EpOME) und weiter durch die lösliche Epoxidhydrolase (sEH) zu Dihydroxyoctadecensäure(-methylester) (DiHOME) verstoffwechselt wird. Fragestellung: Ziel der Studie war es die Effekte von EpOME und DiHOME auf die funktionelle kardiale Erholung während der Reperfusion nach 20-minütiger Ischämie sowie auf die basale kardiale Funktion zu untersuchen. Methoden: Zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung wurden Versuche an isolierten Mäuseherzen in einem Langendorff-System durchgeführt. Herzen von C57Bl6-Mäusen wurden 12,13-EpOME, 12,13-DiHOME oder Phosphat-gepufferter Salzlösung (PBS) zum Vergleich ausgesetzt. Links-ventrikuläre Druckentwicklung (LVPdevp), Koronarfluss (CF) und ein Elektrokardiogramm (EKG) wurden kontinuierlich aufgezeichnet. Die Ischämie-Reperfusions-Experimente wurden unter Applikation von sEH-Inhibitor Adamantanylureidododecansäure (AUDA) wiederholt. Ergebnisse: Durch Gabe von EpOME und DiHOME in einer Konzentration von 100 nM zeigte sich postischämisch eine schlechtere funktionelle Erholung der murinen Herzen mit verminderter linksventrikulärer Druckentwicklung. Die beobachteten Effekte unter EpOME, nicht aber DiHOME, konnten durch sEH-Inhibition abgewendet werden. Es wurde kein Effekt auf die basale kardiale Funktion verzeichnet. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die LA-Derivate EpOME und DiHOME eine relevante Rolle bei kardialer Ischämie spielen. Eine Inhibition der sEH stellt eine neue potenzielle Behandlungsoption zur Verhinderung der nachteiligen DiHOME-Effekte bei akuter kardialer Ischämie dar.Background: Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury is associated with the formation and action of lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Among them, linoleic acid (LA) is metabolized to epoxyoctadecanoic acid (methylester) (EpOME) by cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases and further to dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid (methylester) (DiHOME) by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Purpose: This study was to investigate the effects of EpOME and DiHOME on functional cadiac recovery during reperfusion following 20 min of ischemia as well as basal cardiac function. Methods: This question was addressed using isolated murine hearts in a Langendorff system. Hearts from C57Bl6 mice were exposed to 12,13-EpOME, 12,13-DiHOME, or vehicle (phosphate buffered sodium; PBS). Left ventricular developed pressure (LVdevp), coronary flow (CF), and electrocardiogram (ECG) were continuously recorded. Ischemia reperfusion experiments were repeated after administration of the sEH-inhibitor adamantanylureidododecanoic acid (AUDA). Results: At a concentration of 100 nM, both EpOME and DiHOME decreased post-ischemic functional recovery in murine hearts in regards to a diminished left ventricular developed pressure. The detrimental effects seen under EpOME, but not DiHOME, were averted by sEH inhibition. There was no effect on basal cardiac function. Conclusion: The results indicate that LA-derived mediators EpOME and DiHOME play a relevant role in cardiac ischemic events. Inhibition of sEH appears as a potential novel treatment option to prevent detrimental DiHOME effects in acute cardiac ischemia

Direct Flow Medical vs. Edwards Sapien 3 Prosthesis: A Propensity Matched Comparison on Intermediate Safety and Mortality

Aims: To compare intermediate performance and mortality rates in patients, who underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) with two different types of prostheses: Edwards Sapien 3 (ES3) and Direct Flow Medical (DFM).Methods and Results: 42 consecutive patients implanted with a DFM prosthesis for severe aortic stenosis were matched 1:1 with an equal number of patients, who received an ES3 during the same period. Primary endpoint was mortality. MACE, as a composite of all-cause death, stroke, and re-do-procedure (valve-in-valve), was defined as secondary endpoint. Moreover, we compared NYHA class, NT-proBNP-levels and the extent of restenosis. Patients were followed for 2 years. DFM patients showed echocardiographic elevated mean pressure gradients compared to ES3 patients before discharge (11.2 mmHg ± 5.3 vs. 3.5 mmHg ± 2.7; p < 0.001) and upon 6-months follow-up (20.3 mmHg ± 8.8 vs. 12.3 mmHg ± 4.4; p < 0.001). ES3 candidates showed superior NYHA class at follow-up (p = 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed significantly worse survival in patients receiving a DFM prosthesis compared to ES3 (Breslow p = 0.020). MACE occurred more often in DFM patients compared to ES3 (Breslow p = 0.006).Conclusions: Patients receiving DFM valve prostheses showed worse survival and higher rates in MACE compared to ES3. Prosthesis performance regarding mean pressure gradients and patients' NYHA class also favored ES3

Remote sensing of geomorphodiversity linked to biodiversity — part III: traits, processes and remote sensing characteristics

Remote sensing (RS) enables a cost-effective, extensive, continuous and standardized monitoring of traits and trait variations of geomorphology and its processes, from the local to the continental scale. To implement and better understand RS techniques and the spectral indicators derived from them in the monitoring of geomorphology, this paper presents a new perspective for the definition and recording of five characteristics of geomorphodiversity with RS, namely: geomorphic genesis diversity, geomorphic trait diversity, geomorphic structural diversity, geomorphic taxonomic diversity, and geomorphic functional diversity. In this respect, geomorphic trait diversity is the cornerstone and is essential for recording the other four characteristics using RS technologies. All five characteristics are discussed in detail in this paper and reinforced with numerous examples from various RS technologies. Methods for classifying the five characteristics of geomorphodiversity using RS, as well as the constraints of monitoring the diversity of geomorphology using RS, are discussed. RS-aided techniques that can be used for monitoring geomorphodiversity in regimes with changing land-use intensity are presented. Further, new approaches of geomorphic traits that enable the monitoring of geomorphodiversity through the valorisation of RS data from multiple missions are discussed as well as the ecosystem integrity approach. Likewise, the approach of monitoring the five characteristics of geomorphodiversity recording with RS is discussed, as are existing approaches for recording spectral geomorhic traits/ trait variation approach and indicators, along with approaches for assessing geomorphodiversity. It is shown that there is no comparable approach with which to define and record the five characteristics of geomorphodiversity using only RS data in the literature. Finally, the importance of the digitization process and the use of data science for research in the field of geomorphology in the 21st century is elucidated and discussed

Der europäische Pflichtverteidiger | Die Anforderungen an Prozesskostenhilfe in nationalen und transnationalen Strafverfahren aus europäischer Perspektive

Aus Anlass der Ende 2016 erlassenen Richtlinie über Prozesskostenhilfe für Verdächtige und beschuldigte Personen in Strafverfahren (PKH-RL) untersucht die Arbeit, ob und inwiefern die Europäisierung durch europäische Menschenrechtsinstrumente und Richtlinien den Zugang des Beschuldigten zu strafrechtlicher Prozesskostenhilfe verbessern kann. Dazu wird zunächst eine europäische Konzeption strafrechtlicher Prozesskostenhilfe erarbeitet, deren Grundlage die menschenrechtlichen Garantien von Art. 6 Abs. 3 lit. c EMRK und Art. 48 Abs. 2 GRCh sind und die um die Inhalte und Garantien der PKH-RL ergänzt werden. Ausgehend von dieser europäischen Konzeption ist eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Status quo des deutschen Rechts der notwendigen Verteidigung möglich. Aus diesem Vergleich kann eine Verbesserung des Zugangs und der Wirksamkeit strafrechtlicher Prozesskostenhilfe für den Beschuldigten eines Strafverfahrens abgeleitet werden.»The European Public Defender – Requirements for legal aid in national and transnational criminal proceedings from a European perspective«The thesis investigates whether Europeanisation, i.e. the influence of the ECHR, the CFR and the EU Directive 2016/1919, improves the status of defence rights at the EU and the national level. After establishing a European concept of legal aid, derived from the guarantees of the ECHR, the CFR and EU Directive 2016/1919, the effects of this concept of a »European public defender« are exemplified by investigating the effects on the German system of legal aid in criminal proceedings

Mapping Specific Constituents of an Ochre-Coloured Watercourse Based on In Situ and Airborne Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data

It is a well-known fact that water bodies are crucial for human life, ecosystems and biodiversity. Therefore, they are subject to regulatory monitoring in terms of water quality. However, land-use intensification, such as open-cast mining activities, can have a direct impact on water quality. Unfortunately, in situ measurements of water quality parameters are spatially limited, costly and time-consuming, which is why we proposed a combination of hyperspectral data, in situ data and simple regression models in this study to estimate and thus monitor various water quality parameters. We focused on the variables of total iron, ferrous iron, ferric iron, sulphate and chlorophyll-a. Unlike other studies, we used a combination of airborne hyperspectral and RGB data to ensure a very high spatial resolution of the data. To investigate the potential of our approach, we conducted simultaneous in situ measurements and airborne hyperspectral/RGB aircraft campaigns at different sites of the Spree River in Germany to monitor the impact of pyrite weathering on water bodies after open-cast mining activities. Appropriate regression models were developed to estimate the five variables mentioned above. The model with the best performance for each variable gave a coefficient of determination R2 of 64% to 79%. This clearly shows the potential of airborne hyperspectral/RGB data for water quality monitoring. In further investigations, we focused on the use of machine learning techniques, as well as transferability to other water bodies. The approach presented here has great potential for the development of a monitoring method for the continuous monitoring of still waters and large watercourses, especially given the freely available space-based hyperspectral missions via EnMAP

EXTRACTING ROOF PARAMETERS AND HEAT BRIDGES OVER THE CITY OF OLDENBURG FROM HYPERSPECTRAL, THERMAL, AND AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING DATA

Remote sensing methods are used to obtain different kinds of information about the state of the environment. Within the cooperative research project HiReSens, funded by the German BMBF, a hyperspectral scanner, an airborne laser scanner, a thermal camera, and a RGB-camera are employed on a small aircraft to determine roof material parameters and heat bridges of house tops over the city Oldenburg, Lower Saxony. HiReSens aims to combine various geometrical highly resolved data in order to achieve relevant evidence about the state of the city buildings. Thermal data are used to obtain the energy distribution of single buildings. The use of hyperspectral data yields information about material consistence of roofs. From airborne laser scanning data (ALS) digital surface models are inferred. They build the basis to locate the best orientations for solar panels of the city buildings. The combination of the different data sets offers the opportunity to capitalize synergies between differently working systems. Central goals are the development of tools for the collection of heat bridges by means of thermal data, spectral collection of roofs parameters on basis of hyperspectral data as well as 3D-capture of buildings from airborne lasers scanner data. Collecting, analyzing and merging of the data are not trivial especially not when the resolution and accuracy is aimed in the domain of a few decimetre. The results achieved need to be regarded as preliminary. Further investigations are still required to prove the accuracy in detail

Linoleic acid metabolite DiHOME decreases post-ischemic cardiac recovery in murine hearts

Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury is associated with the formation and action of lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Among them, linoleic acid (LA) is metabolized to epoxyoctadecanoic acids (EpOMEs) by cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases and further to dihydroxyoctadecanoic acids (DiHOMEs) by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). We hypothesized that EpOMEs and/or DiHOMEs may affect cardiac post-ischemic recovery and addressed this question using isolated murine hearts in a Langendorff system. Hearts from C57Bl6 mice were exposed to 12,13-EpOME, 12,13-DiHOME, or vehicle (phosphate buffered sodium; PBS). Effects on basal cardiac function and functional recovery during reperfusion following 20 min of ischemia were investigated. Electrocardiogram (ECG), left ventricular (LV) pressure and coronary flow (CF) were continuously measured. Ischemia reperfusion experiments were repeated after administration of the sEH-inhibitor 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)dodecanoic acid (AUDA). At a concentration of 100 nM, both EpOME and DiHOME decreased post-ischemic functional recovery in murine hearts. There was no effect on basal cardiac parameters. The detrimental effects seen with EpOME, but not DiHOME, were averted by sEH inhibition (AUDA). Our results indicate that LA-derived mediators EpOME/DiHOME may play an important role in cardiac ischemic events. Inhibition of sEH could provide a novel treatment option to prevent detrimental DiHOME effects in acute cardiac ischemia