Arbitrary Pole Placement with Sliding Mode Control

This paper considers the problem of placing all the poles arbitrarily for a linear time-invariant plant with the linear part 00 sliding mode control. We solve this problem in two ways. In the first approach, we design a sliding mode control by specifying the desired pole locations. The closed-loop system under this control law has all eigenvalues at the desired places. In the second approach, the sliding mode control is designed from a given state feedback gain so that all the poles of the closed-loop system are placed at the same location as that of the state feedback controller. Here, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a linear gain using the sliding mode control to achieve the desired pole assignment. This condition is always fulfilled for the single input case whereas it is only applicable for certain multi-input scenarios that meet the conditions stated in the paper. In both the approaches, one can place the closed-loop poles with the proposed sliding mode control at any arbitrary location in the left half of the complex plane, unlike with traditional design, where m poles are at the origin with m being the number of control inputs. A numerical example illustrates the proposed design methodology for sliding mode control

Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Tree Construction of Malarial Parasites

Sequence alignment is one of the basic problems in computational biology that has helped researchers analyze biological sequences. The analysis has helped biologists to detect pathogens ;to develop drugs, and to predict the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein and identity common genes. The objective of the Phylogenetic tree is to determine the branch length and to figure out how the evolutionary tree has been generated . One way to tackle MSA is to use Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), which are known to be very powerful in the related problem domain of speech recognition. The fully trained model is applied to draw a valid conclusion about the evaluation of malarial parasites

Zero-field spin splitting in a two-dimensional electron gas with the spin-orbit interaction revisited

We consider a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) with the Rashba spin-orbit interaction (SOI) in presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. We derive analytical expressions of the density of states (DOS) of a 2DEG with the Rashba SOI in presence of magnetic field by using the Green's function technique. The DOS allows us to obtain the analytical expressions of the magnetoconductivities for spin-up and spin-down electrons. The conductivities for spin-up and spin-down electrons oscillate with different frequencies and gives rise to the beating patterns in the amplitude of the Shubnikov de Hass (SdH) oscillations. We find a simple equation which determines the zero-field spin splitting energy if the magnetic field corresponding to any beat node is known from the experiment. Our analytical results reproduce well the experimentally observed non-periodic beating patterns, number of oscillations between two successive nodes and the measured zero-field spin splitting energy.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure

Enhancement of in vitro micro corm production in Gladiolus using alternative matrix

An efficient in vitro protocol for mass propagation of Gladiolus was developed. Basal portions of the innermost leaves responded readily in culture. Ten to fifteen adventitious shoot buds emerged from every responding explant through direct organogenesis, which proliferated in agar-gelled MS basalmedium supplemented with NAA (0.002 mM) and BA (0.009 mM). Large number of micro corms was produced in the plantlets on transfer to MS liquid medium supplemented with 176 mM sucrose and 0.002 mM NAA using coir as an alternative matrix. The micro corms grew in size under field conditionfor two consecutive seasons for flowering. The identical isozymic, RAPD and ISSR profiles of randomly selected micro corms and corms obtained from the field with respect to mother corm population indicated a near full-proof and cost effective micropropagation protocol of Gladiolu

Characterization of a C4 maize pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase expressed in C3 transgenic rice plants

Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) is a key enzyme in plants that utilize the C4 photosynthetic pathway to fix CO2. The enzymatic reaction catalyzed by PPDK is critically controlled by light and is one of the rate-limiting steps of the C4 pathway. The intact maize (Zea mays) C4-PPDK gene, containing its own promoter, terminator sequences and exon/intron structure was introduced into rice (Oryza sativa L. Indica “IR64”), a C3 plant. Expression of C4-PPDK in most transgenic rice lines resulted in increased CO2 assimilation rates compared to untransformed control plants. Most of the transformants showed higher photosynthetic activities than that of wild-type plant. Total nitrogen in the flag leaves of C4-PPDK transgenics was analyzed. Results showed an increase in total nitrogen compared to untransformed control plants suggesting that C4-PPDK expression in rice promoted nitrogen absorption from the soil.In addition, the photosynthesis rate of some transgenic IR64 lines was also increased in the greenhouse. Molecular analysis revealed that the intact PPDK gene integrated in the rice genome and affected the phenotypes of plants particularly tillers and enhanced yield of transgenic IR64 rice plants in the greenhouse

Microbial transformation of xenobiotics for environmental bioremediation

The accumulation of recalcitrant xenobiotic compounds is due to continuous efflux from population and industrial inputs that have created a serious impact on the pristine nature of our environment. Apart from this, these compounds are mostly carcinogenic, posing health hazards which persist over a long period of time. Metabolic pathways and specific operon systems have been found in diverse but limited groups of microbes that are responsible for the transformation of xenobiotic compounds.Distinct catabolic genes are either present on mobile genetic elements, such as transposons and plasmids, or the chromosome itself that facilitates horizontal gene transfer and enhances the rapid microbial transformation of toxic xenobiotic compounds. Biotransformation of xenobiotic compounds in natural environment has been studied to understand the microbial ecology, physiology and evolution for their potential in bioremediation. Recent advance in the molecular techniques including DNA fingerprinting, microarrays and metagenomics is being used to augment the transformation of xenobiotic compounds. The present day understandings of aerobic, anaerobic and reductive biotransformation by co-metabolic processes and an overview of latest developments in monitoring the catabolic genes of xenobiotic-degrading bacteria are discussed elaborately in this work. Till date, several reviews have come up, highlighting the problem of xenobiotic pollution, yet a comprehensiveunderstanding of the microbial biodegradation of xenobiotics and its application is in nascent stage. Therefore, this is an attempt to understand the microbial role in biotransformation of xenobiotic compounds in context to the modern day biotechnology

Precision on leptonic mixing parameters at future neutrino oscillation experiments

We perform a comparison of the different future neutrino oscillation experiments based on the achievable precision in the determination of the fundamental parameters theta_{13} and the CP phase, delta, assuming that theta_{13} is in the range indicated by the recent Daya Bay measurement. We study the non-trivial dependence of the error on delta on its true value. When matter effects are small, the largest error is found at the points where CP violation is maximal, and the smallest at the CP conserving points. The situation is different when matter effects are sizable. As a result of this effect, the comparison of the physics reach of different experiments on the basis of the CP discovery potential, as usually done, can be misleading. We have compared various proposed super-beam, beta-beam and neutrino factory setups on the basis of the relative precision of theta_{13} and the error on delta. Neutrino factories, both high-energy or low-energy, outperform alternative beam technologies. An ultimate precision on theta_{13} below 3% and an error on delta of < 7^{\circ} at 1 sigma (1 d.o.f.) can be obtained at a neutrino factory.Comment: Minor changes, matches version accepted in JHEP. 30 pages, 9 figure

Pattern of locoregional failure in postoperative cases of locally advanced carcinoma of buccal mucosa treated with unilateral versus bilateral neck radiation: lesson learned from a basic practice setup

Background: Carcinoma of buccal mucosa forms a sizeable percentage of the diagnosed oral cavity cancers in India. There is limited data on elective treatment of the contralateral neck for well-lateralized carcinoma with no involved nodes in the contralateral neck. We conducted this study to compare locoregional control in patients treated with unilateral vs. bilateral neck irradiation. Materials and methods: 48 patients with carcinoma of buccal mucosa were selected. Patients were divided into unilateral and bilateral arms based on radiation treatment of the ipsilateral or bilateral neck. All patients received adjuvant radiation with Cobalt 60 unit. Patient-specific and follow-up data were collected from records and dosimetric data from TPS. Chi-square and unpaired t-test was used to compare data between arms and Kaplan Meier plot; Cox regression was used for survival analysis. Results: After a median follow-up of 23 months, 15 (31.3%) patients had developed disease recurrence, 8 and 7 in the unilateral and bilateral arms, respectively (p = 0.591). There was no contralateral neck failure during the follow-up period. The 2-year disease-free survival was 68.2% and 72.2% in the unilateral and bilateral arms, respectively. Among risk factors for disease recurrence, Depth of Invasion, delay in starting radiation and PTV coverage were significant contributing factors. Cox multivariate regression suggested DOI and delay in starting radiation to be significant prognostic factors for DFS. Conclusion: Bilateral neck radiation does not provide any advantage over ipsilateral neck radiation for properly selected well lateralized buccal mucosal squamous cell carcinoma. Ipsilateral neck radiation facilitates better sparing of organs at risk

Cloning and heterologous expression of a gene encoding lycopene-epsilon-cyclase, a precursor of lutein in tea (Camellia sinensis var assamica)

This report describes the cloning and expression of a gene lycopene epsilon cyclase, (LCYE) from Camellia sinensis var assamica which is a precursor of the carotenoid lutein in tea. The 1982 bp cDNA sequence with 1599 bp open reading frame of LCYE was identified from an SSH library constructed for quality trait in tea. 5’ and 3’ RACE (rapid-amplification of cDNA ends) was done to clone the full length cDNA of LCYE. Homology studies showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of LCYE gene had the highest sequence identity of up to 84% with Vitis vinefera. The cloned gene was successfully expressed in a PET based Escherichia coli expression system. The size of the expressed protein was 59615 Daltons. A suppression subtractive library was constructed using a quality clone H3111 (tester) and a garden series clone T3E3 (driver).Key words: Carotenoid, RACE, heterologous expression, lutein, tea