Lista comentada de las plantas vasculares de bosques secos prioritarios para la conservación en los departamentos de Atlántico y Bolívar (Caribe colombiano

This work presents the floristic inventory of six areas of Tropical dry forest in Department of Atlántico and Bolívar. The localities studied are priority areas for biodiversity conservation, maintenance of environmental services, and protection of archaeological values, landscape and / or tourism. There were a total of 314 species distributed in 232 genera and 73 families. Leguminosae is the family most represented in this study, with 61 species and 37 genera, followed Malvaceae (17/14) and Bignoniaceae (16/14). The habit better represented in species richness was trees (44%), followed by shrubs (21%) and herbs (16%). Between all plant species recorded, 20 have been evaluated under IUCNâs criterions, four of them, are included in the âendangeredâ category (EN): Aspidosperma polyneuron (carreto), Belencita nemorosa (calabacilla), Bulnesia arborea (guayacán) and Pachira quinata (ceiba roja). It is important to point out that 45 % of the plants have at least one known use in the region, which are linked with social, cultural and ecological process.Se presenta el inventario florístico de seis localidades de bosque seco en los departamentos de Atlántico y Bolívar en el Caribe colombiano. Las localidades estudiadas son zonas prioritarias para la conservación de la biodiversidad, el mantenimiento de servicios ambientales, protección de zonas con importancia arqueológica, paisajística y/o turística. Se registraron 314 especies de plantas distribuidas en 232 géneros y 73 familias. A nivel florístico la familia Leguminosae es la que presenta mayor riqueza, con 61 especies y 37 géneros, seguida de Malvaceae (17/14) y Bignoniaceae (16/14). El hábito o forma de vida mejor representada, en términos de riqueza de especies fue el de árboles (44 %), seguida de arbustos (21 %) y hierbas (16 %). Del total de especies registradas, 20 han sido evaluadas dentro de los criterios de la IUCN, para determinar su categoría de riesgo, de las cuales cuatro están incluidas dentro de la categoría âen peligroâ (EN): Aspidosperma polyneuron (carreto), Belencita nemorosa (calabacilla), Bulnesia arborea (guayacán) y Pachira quinata (ceiba roja). Se resalta el hecho de que el 45 % de las plantas registradas tiene al menos un uso conocido en la región, ligadas a procesos sociales, culturales y ecológicos

Lista comentada de las plantas vasculares de bosques secos prioritarios para la conservación en los departamentos de Atlántico y Bolívar (Caribe colombiano

This work presents the floristic inventory of six areas of Tropical dry forest in Department of Atlántico and Bolívar. The localities studied are priority areas for biodiversity conservation, maintenance of environmental services, and protection of archaeological values, landscape and / or tourism. There were a total of 314 species distributed in 232 genera and 73 families. Leguminosae is the family most represented in this study, with 61 species and 37 genera, followed Malvaceae (17/14) and Bignoniaceae (16/14). The habit better represented in species richness was trees (44%), followed by shrubs (21%) and herbs (16%). Between all plant species recorded, 20 have been evaluated under IUCNâs criterions, four of them, are included in the âendangeredâ category (EN): Aspidosperma polyneuron (carreto), Belencita nemorosa (calabacilla), Bulnesia arborea (guayacán) and Pachira quinata (ceiba roja). It is important to point out that 45 % of the plants have at least one known use in the region, which are linked with social, cultural and ecological process

Expanding tropical forest monitoring into Dry Forests: The DRYFLOR protocol for permanent plots

This is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this recordSocietal Impact Statement Understanding of tropical forests has been revolutionized by monitoring in permanent plots. Data from global plot networks have transformed our knowledge of forests’ diversity, function, contribution to global biogeochemical cycles, and sensitivity to climate change. Monitoring has thus far been concentrated in rain forests. Despite increasing appreciation of their threatened status, biodiversity, and importance to the global carbon cycle, monitoring in tropical dry forests is still in its infancy. We provide a protocol for permanent monitoring plots in tropical dry forests. Expanding monitoring into dry biomes is critical for overcoming the linked challenges of climate change, land use change, and the biodiversity crisis.Newton FundNatural Environment Research Council (NERC)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloCYTE

Plant diversity patterns in neotropical dry forests and their conservation implications

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from American Association for the Advancement of Science via the DOI in this record.Seasonally dry tropical forests are distributed across Latin America and the Caribbean and are highly threatened, with less than 10% of their original extent remaining in many countries. Using 835 inventories covering 4660 species of woody plants, we show marked floristic turnover among inventories and regions, which may be higher than in other neotropical biomes, such as savanna. Such high floristic turnover indicates that numerous conservation areas across many countries will be needed to protect the full diversity of tropical dry forests. Our results provide a scientific framework within which national decision-makers can contextualize the floristic significance of their dry forest at a regional and continental scale.This paper is the result of the Latin American and Caribbean Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest Floristic Network (DRYFLOR), which has been supported at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh by a Leverhulme Trust International Network Grant (IN-074). This work was also supported by the U.K. Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/I028122/1; Colciencias Ph.D. scholarship 529; Synthesys Programme GBTAF-2824; the NSF (NSF 1118340 and 1118369); the Instituto Humboldt (IAvH)–Red colombiana de investigación y monitoreo en bosque seco; the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI; Tropi-Dry, CRN2-021, funded by NSF GEO 0452325); Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR); and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). The data reported in this paper are available at www.dryflor.info. R.T.P. conceived the study. M.P., A.O.-F., K.B.-R., R.T.P., and J.W. designed the DRYFLOR database system. K.B.-R. and K.G.D. carried out most analyses. K.B.-R. R.T.P., and K.G.D. wrote the manuscript with substantial input from A.D.-S., R.L.-P., A.O.-F., D.P., C.Q., and R.R. All the authors contributed data, discussed further analyses, and commented on various versions of the manuscript. K.B.-R. thanks G. Galeano who introduced her to dry forest research. We thank J. L. Marcelo, I. Huamantupa, C. Reynel, S. Palacios, and A. Daza for help with fieldwork and data entry in Peru

Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial

SummaryBackground Azithromycin has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of its immunomodulatoryactions. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.Methods In this randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19Therapy [RECOVERY]), several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients admitted to hospitalwith COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 176 hospitals in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients wererandomly allocated to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus azithromycin 500 mg once perday by mouth or intravenously for 10 days or until discharge (or allocation to one of the other RECOVERY treatmentgroups). Patients were assigned via web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment andwere twice as likely to be randomly assigned to usual care than to any of the active treatment groups. Participants andlocal study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment, but all others involved in the trial were masked to theoutcome data during the trial. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treatpopulation. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936.Findings Between April 7 and Nov 27, 2020, of 16 442 patients enrolled in the RECOVERY trial, 9433 (57%) wereeligible and 7763 were included in the assessment of azithromycin. The mean age of these study participants was65·3 years (SD 15·7) and approximately a third were women (2944 [38%] of 7763). 2582 patients were randomlyallocated to receive azithromycin and 5181 patients were randomly allocated to usual care alone. Overall,561 (22%) patients allocated to azithromycin and 1162 (22%) patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days(rate ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·87–1·07; p=0·50). No significant difference was seen in duration of hospital stay (median10 days [IQR 5 to >28] vs 11 days [5 to >28]) or the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days(rate ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·98–1·10; p=0·19). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, nosignificant difference was seen in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilationor death (risk ratio 0·95, 95% CI 0·87–1·03; p=0·24).Interpretation In patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, azithromycin did not improve survival or otherprespecified clinical outcomes. Azithromycin use in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 should be restrictedto patients in whom there is a clear antimicrobial indication

Lista comentada de las plantas vasculares de bosques secos prioritarios para la conservación en los departamentos de Atlántico y Bolívar (Caribe colombiano

Se presenta el inventario florístico de seis localidades de bosque seco en los departamentos de Atlántico y Bolívar en el Caribe colombiano. Las localidades estudiadas son zonas prioritarias para la conservación de la biodiversidad, el mantenimiento de servicios ambientales, protección de zonas con importancia arqueológica, paisajística y/o turística. Se registraron 314 especies de plantas distribuidas en 232 géneros y 73 familias. A nivel florístico la familia Leguminosae es la que presenta mayor riqueza, con 61 especies y 37 géneros, seguida de Malvaceae (17/14) y Bignoniaceae (16/14). El hábito o forma de vida mejor representada, en términos de riqueza de especies fue el de árboles (44 %), seguida de arbustos (21 %) y hierbas (16 %). Del total de especies registradas, 20 han sido evaluadas dentro de los criterios de la IUCN, para determinar su categoría de riesgo, de las cuales cuatro están incluidas dentro de la categoría â en peligroâ (EN): Aspidosperma polyneuron (carreto), Belencita nemorosa (calabacilla), Bulnesia arborea (guayacán) y Pachira quinata (ceiba roja). Se resalta el hecho de que el 45 % de las plantas registradas tiene al menos un uso conocido en la región, ligadas a procesos sociales, culturales y ecológicos.Artículo revisado por pare

From plots to policy : how to ensure long-term forest plot data supports environmental management in intact tropical forest landscapes

Funded by Natural Environment Research Council (NERC; grants NE/R000751/1 and NE/H011773/1) and the Leverhulme Trust (grant RPG‐2018‐306). We thank the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation for the grant “Monitoring Protected Areas in Peru to Increase Forest Resilience to Climate Change” (#5349), which funded the expansion and integration of the permanent plot network in Peru, 2017‐2020. We also thank the many funding agencies that have supported the establishment and maintenance of long‐term plots in Peru, including NERC, the National Geographic Society, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the European Research Council, and the US National Science Foundation Long‐Term Research in Environmental Biology Program.Long‐term data from permanent forest inventory plots have much to offer the management and conservation of intact tropical forest landscapes. Knowledge of the growth and mortality rates of economically important species, forest carbon balance, and the impact of climate change on forest composition are all central to effective management. However, this information is rarely integrated within the policymaking process. The problem reflects broader issues in using evidence to influence environmental management, and in particular, the need to engage with potential users beyond the collection and publication of high‐quality data. To ensure permanent plot data are used, (a) key “policy windows”—opportunities to integrate data within policy making—need to be identified; (b) long‐term relationships need to be developed between scientists and policy makers and policymaking organizations; and (c) leadership of plot networks needs to be shared among all participants, and particularly between institutions in the global north and those in tropical countries. Addressing these issues will allow permanent plot networks to make tangible contributions to ensuring that intact tropical forest persists over coming decades.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Forest conservation: Humans' handprints - Response

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Using dated molecular phylogenies to help reconstruct geological, climatic, and biological history: Examples from Colombia

Attempts at historical reconstruction are based on limited data. We are more likely to produce accurate historical reconstructions by utilizing information from diverse sources and pooling data within the relevant research communities which will allow us to build up a moving picture of the geological, climatic, and biological evolution of our planet. We suggest that dated phylogenies of plants can contribute greatly to a better understanding of Earth history. Timing of phylogenetic splits of lowland restricted lineages on either side of the Andes could provide information on the timing of montane uplift and associated climatic changes. The timing of the arrival and diversification of organisms restricted to specific climatic regimes at a particular altitude can provide information on the age at which mountains reached a height adequate for that climate once corrected for global climate changes. As a model for study, we discuss how dated phylogenies in biome rich Colombia may contribute to an understanding of geological and climatic change in north‐western South America. Lowland wet forest restricted lineages separated from the mid‐Miocene, whereas lineages primarily restricted to mid‐altitude cloud forests began to diversify from the mid‐ to late‐Miocene and the majority of high‐altitude Páramo lineages began to diversify during the Pliocene. The age of diversification of altitudinally restricted lineages therefore gives an indication of the age at which particular altitudes may have been reached

THE CARBON SINK IN INTACT AMAZONIAN FORESTS IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION

Los bosques primarios intactos de la Amazonía peruana se comportan como sumideros de carbono: un servicio ecosistémico clave a nivel mundial. Este sumidero fue cuantificado en 0.54 Mg C ha-1 año-1 (1990-2017) para los bosques amazónicos intactos de las Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANPs) de Perú y las zonas de amortiguamiento. En otras palabras, la conservación de bosques intactos en ANPs ayudó a remover 9.6 millones de toneladas de carbono de la atmósfera por año, lo cual equivale aproximadamente al 85% de las emisiones de la quema de combustibles fósiles del país durante el 2012. Este servicio de remoción de CO2 atmosférico es necesario incluir en el inventario nacional de gases de efecto invernadero, y en los compromisos nacionales de reducción de emisiones, por dos razones. Primero, debido a ser un flujo importante, nos ayudaría a tener una aproximación más real del balance de carbono en Perú. Segundo, fortalecería la necesidad de mantener la integridad de estos bosques tanto por el servicio de almacenamiento de carbono (evitar emisiones) como el servicio de sumidero (remoción de emisiones) y la diversidad biológica que albergan. La provisión del servicio de sumidero solo se asegurará con una gestión efectiva y adaptativa de las ANPs. El reporte de este servicio ambiental a nivel nacional debe ser implementado a través del monitoreo a largo plazo de la dinámica del carbono y el impacto del cambio climático a través de la red de parcelas forestales permanentes de RAINFOR (Red Amazónica de Inventarios Forestales) y el proyecto MonANPeru. El establecimiento de este sistema de monitoreo permitirá el desarrollo de los mecanismos financieros para cerrar la brecha y lograr la sostenibilidad de la conservación de los bosques en las ANPs de Perú.The primary intact forests of the Peruvian Amazon act as a carbon sink: a key ecosystem service of international importance. This sink has been quantified as 0.54 Mg C ha-1 year-1 (1990-2017) for the intact Amazonian forest in the protected areas and associated buffer zones of Peru. In other words, the conservation of intact forests in protected areas has helped to remove 9.6 million tonnes of carbon from the atmosphere per year, which is equivalent to approximately 85% of the emissions from fossil fuel combustion in Peru during 2012. It is necessary to include this carbon sink in the national inventory of greenhouse gas emissions for two reasons. Firstly, because it is a an important flux, it would help for estimating the carbon balance of Peru more accurately. Secondly, it would strengthen the need to maintain the integrity of these forests, for their role both as a stock and sink of carbon and for their biological diversity. The provision of this service as a sink can only be assured with effective and adaptive management of the protected areas of Peru. Reporting of this environmental service at a national level should be implemented through long-term monitoring of the carbon dynamics and impact of climate change on these forests via the RAINFOR (Amazon Forest Network) network of permanent forest plots and the MonANPeru project. The establishment of this monitoring system would allow the development of the finanancial mechanisms to close the funding gap and achieve sustainable conservation of the forests of the protected area network of Peru