Solar wind minor ions: Recent observations

Systematic studies show that the minor ions generally travel with a common bulk speed and have temperatures roughly proportional to their masses. It was determined that (3)He(++) content varies greatly; (3)He(++)/(4)He(++) ranges from as high as 10(-12) values to below 2 x 10(-4). In some solar wind flows which can be related to energetic coronal events, the minor ions are found in unusual ionization states containing Fe(16+) as a prominent ion, showing that the states were formed at unusually high temperatures. Unexpectedly, in a few flows substantial quantities of (4)He(+) were detected, sometimes with ions identifiable as O(2+) and O(3+). Surprisingly, in some of these examples the ionization state is mixed showing that part of the plasma escaped the corona without attaining the usual million-degree temperatures while other parts were heated more nearly in the normal manner. Additionally, detailed studies of the minor ions increased our understanding of the coronal expansion. For example, such studies contributed to identifying near equatorial coronal streamers as the source of solar wind flows between high speed streams

Spacecraft observations of the solar wind composition

Solar wind composition studies by means of plasma analyzers carried on various spacecraft are reviewed. The average ratio of helium to hydrogen over the solar cycle is close to 0.045; values as low as 0.0025 and as high as 0.25 have been observed. High values have been observed following solar flares and interplanetary shock waves when the flare gas driving the shock arrives at the spacecraft. Ions of He-3(+2), O-16(+6), and O-16(+7) have been observed with Vela 3 electrostatic analyzers. Further measurements with Vela 5 analyzers have shown the presence of N-14(+6), Si-28(+7) to Si-28(+9) and Fe-56(+7) to Fe-56(+12) ions. The relative abundance of oxygen, silicon, and iron in the solar wind of July 6, 1969, was 1.00, 0.21, and 0.17, which is very similar to reported values for the corona. The ratio of helium to oxygen is variable; the average value of He/O is close to 100, but values between 30 and 400 have been observed

Interaction of rat liver lysosomal membranes with actin.

Membranes were prepared from lysosomes purified 80-fold by centrifugation in a discontinuous metrizamide gradient. When salt-washed membranes were combined with rabbit muscle actin, an increase in viscosity could be measured using a falling ball viscometer. The lysosomal membrane-actin interaction was actin- and membrane-concentration dependent and appeared to be optimal under presumed physiological conditions (2 mM MgCl2, 1 mM MgATP, neutral pH, and free calcium concentration less than 10(-8) M). The actin cross-linking activity of the membrane was optimal at pH 6.4. The interaction was maximal between 10(-7) and 10(-9) M free calcium ions and inhibited by approximately 50% at concentrations of calcium greater than 0.5 x 10(-7) M. The actin-lysosomal membrane interaction was destroyed if the membranes were pretreated with Pronase, or if the membranes were purified in the absence of protease inhibitors. The interaction was not destroyed if membranes were washed with high salt or extracted with KCl and urea. In addition, a sedimentation assay for the actin-lysosomal membrane interaction was also performed to corroborate the viscometry data. The results suggest the existence of an integral lysosomal membrane actin-binding protein

II B Music Presentation 2: An Examination of the Relationships Between Music Education and Graduation Rate in Title I Schools in North Carolina

The goal of this research is to determine whether or not a relationship exists between music education enrollment and graduation rate for Title I and low-income North Carolina high schools. The study took place through a review of related literature, as well as through an active study of qualifying North Carolina educators

Spatial variation of iron abundance in the high speed solar wind, 1972 to 1976

The Fe/H ratios in the peaks of high speed streams (HSS) during the decline of Solar Cycle 20 and the following minimum (October 1972-December 1976) were analyzed. The response of the 50-200 keV ion channel of the APL/JHU energetic particle experiment (EPE) on IMP-7 and 8 to solar wind iron ions at high solar wind speeds and Fe measurements were compared with solar wind H and He parameters from the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) instruments on the same spacecraft. In general, the Fe distribution parameters (bulk velocity, flow direction, temperature) are found to be similar to the LANL He parameters. Although the average Fe/H ratio in many steady HSS peaks agrees within observational uncertainties with the nominal coronal ratio of 4.7 x 10(-5), abundance variations of a factor of up to 6 are obtained across a given coronal-hole associated HSS. Over the period 1973-1976, a steady decrease in the average quiet-time Fe/H ratio by a factor of about 4 is measured on both IMP-7 and 8

Domestic tensions reflected in the popular theatre in Ghana

Domestic rights & duties in Southern Ghan

"Beyond the Sparkle" : diversification of mineral-rich economies: The case of Botswana

Botswana is known as Africa's growth miracle, having transformed from one of the poorest countries in the world at independence, into a middle-income economy in a short period of time. The country's success has been reliant on high revenues accrued from its diamond mining industry, however, government expects diamond production to decline rapidly in the next 10 - 15 years. Diamond depletion presents a threat to Botswana's economic growth, development and macroeconomic stability, which has created the urgent need for economic diversification to be realised in the near future. This dissertation explores the concept and theory behind economic diversification for resource abundant countries. Country cases are reviewed alongside the literature on economic diversification, in order to build an analytical framework on economic diversification for mineral-rich economies. The drivers of diversification are classified under three themes: the enabling environment approach, the interventionist approach and the sector-driven approach. Botswana's efforts to diversify are evaluated against these themes, highlighting the prospects and barriers to success. The dissertation concludes that the quest for economic diversification is not an easy one, particularly in countries such as Botswana with single-resource dependence. Moreover, in order for Botswana to succeed, it will require a policy mix incorporating aspects of the three themes. The government of Botswana (GoB) must ensure that they develop an enabling environment to incentivise increased export development; they should invest in physical and human capital in order to facilitate private sector growth, and they should set policies and targets to support sectors that show potential to become internationally competitive

For Those Who Do Not Speak: Protecting Class Arbitration as the Last Collective-Action Option for Women

This Note argues that the Supreme Court, under § 7 of the NLRA, should uphold the protection of class arbitration as a concerted activity, because it is an especially important tool for equalizing the power of women in the workplace. Through the preservation of class arbitration, women will be more successful in enforcing their workplace rights. This Note reviews how the division of labor along gender lines has created devastating economic consequences for women, who constitute a large majority of the working poor in America. The Note concludes that the decline of unionization and other collective-action strategies has left class arbitration as a last-ditch option for workingwomen to collectively address workplace grievances

Addressing the Needs of Students With Color Vision Deficiencies in the Elementary School Library

Color vision deficiencies affect approximately eight percent of the male population (Birch & Chisholm, 2008; Cole, 2007; Jenny & Kelso, 2007; Neitz & Neitz, 2000), yet the condition is often overlooked in the educational setting despite the pervasiveness of color in the school (Suero et al., 2004). The purpose of this study was to explore how elementary school librarians provide instruction and prepare the library environment to meet the needs of students with color vision deficiencies. This mixed methods study consisted of two components. The first component was a questionnaire administered to elementary school librarians throughout Virginia to gather data related to their knowledge of and attitudes toward students with color vision deficiencies. The second component of the study was a case study of eight elementary school librarians in one school division within Virginia. The case study participants were given the same questionnaire as the state group to assess their knowledge of and attitudes toward students with color vision deficiencies. Then they participated in observations, interviews, and a color vision deficiencies awareness training designed to inform school librarians about issues related to color vision deficiencies. The training was followed by a series of journal prompts through a blog and additional observations to gather information about changes in behaviors. After the training, a post-test was administered to the case study participants to gather data about changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Findings indicate that elementary school librarians did not feel knowledgeable about color vision deficiencies but were interested in knowing more and expressed a desire to make changes based on participating in the questionnaire alone. The case study participants\u27 increase in knowledge from pretest to post-test was statistically significant. While the change in attitude on the questionnaire was not found to be statistically significant for the case study group, there were noticeable changes in beliefs and desires to change behaviors as evidenced through the qualitative data. The changes in the case study lend support to the need for color vision deficiency awareness training for elementary school educators