Numerical model for static and dynamic analysis of masonry structures

Ukratko je opisana problematika proračuna zidanih konstrukcija. Razrađen je model za statički i dinamički proračun raznih tipova zidanih konstrukcija. Modelirani su najvažniji nelinearni efekti ponašanja takvih konstrukcija, pri čemu su uključeni različiti aspekti materijalne nelinearnosti, kontaktni problemi i geometrijska nelinearnost. Prikazana je mogućnost simulacije interakcije tlo-konstrukcija. Na tri riješena primjera pokazane su neke mogućnosti primjene opisanog modela.Problems encountered during analysis of masonry structures are briefly presented. A model for the static and dynamic analysis of various types of masonry structures is presented. Most significant nonlinear effects of behaviour exhibited by such structures are modelled, which includes various aspects of material nonlinearity, contact problems, and geometrical nonlinearity. The possibility of simulating the soil-structure interaction is presented. Some possible applications of the described model are shown on three solved examples

Cerebral Palsy and Physical Exercise : Undergraduate Thesis

Čitajući raznu literaturu na temu cerebralne paralize, nailazimo na slične principe, savjete i činjenice kod većine autora. Naime svi naglašavaju važnost ranog prepoznavanja i otkrivanja oštećenja te što raniji početak vježbanja. Većina autora, iako različitih po tretmanu i pristupu, smatra da su prva 3 mjeseca najbitnija jer omogućuju preventivne mjere za sprječavanje abnormalnih i patoloških obrazaca kretanja. Tretman zahtjeva multidisciplinaran pristup, gdje se brojni stručnjaci moraju međusobnim konzultacijama i zajedničkim radom brzo usmjeriti na željene ciljeve i realizirati ih u što ranijem periodu djetetova života.Cerebral palsy Reading various literature on cerebral palsy I encounter almost identical principles, tips and facts in the majority of authors. The all emephasize the importance of early recognition and detection of damage and the early start of the exercise. Most authors believe that the first three months are of most importance for preventing of abnormal and pathological patterns of movement. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach, where many experts have mutual consulations and work together quickly to focus on the desired goals and realize them as early as possible in a child's life

Development of postural control in children with cerebral palsy

Definicija cerebralne paralize tijekom povijest se često razmatrala, razvijala i mijenjala, a danas je najraširenija ona teza prema kojoj cerebralna paraliza (CP) označuje skupinu promjenjivih, neprogresivnih, ali trajnih poremećaja pokreta i / ili posture i motoričkih funkcija uzrokovanih oštećenjem nezrelog mozga i / ili mozga u razvoju. Prema podatcima, u razvijenom svijetu od cerebralne paralize boluje 2-2,5 od 1000 djece, a najčešće je zastupljen spastični oblik (75%). Obzirom na navedeno, CP se definira kao najčešći uzrok težih neuromotoričkih odstupanja kod djece. U literaturi pažnja se pridaje i pridruženim teškoćama kao što su: epilepsija, oštećenje senzorike vida i sluha, usporen neuromotorički razvoj, nespretnost fine i grube motorike, smetnje ponašanja, razvoja govora, kognitivnog razvoja i specifične smetnje učenja. Posturalna kontrola definirana je kao posturalna stabilnost, odnosno sposobnost održavanja željene statičke i dinamičke posturalne orijentacije čime se omogućava izvršavanje mnogobrojnih radnji u različitim položajima tijela s obzirom na utjecaj sile gravitacije. Posturalni razvoj djece s CP zaostaje u odnosu na posturalni razvoj djece urednog razvoja, što je vidljivo već u ranom razvojnom razdoblju djeteta i ometa njihovo djelovanje u svakodnevnim aktivnostima. Najveća poteškoća posturalne kontrole djece s CP uključuje smanjen opseg i varijabilnost kretanja, lošu kontrolu brzine kretanja i perceptivne nedostatke u kretanju te im je smanjena mogućnost modulacije stupnja posturalne kontrakcije mišića u različitim situacijama. Cilj ovog rada je predstaviti dosadašnje spoznaje o CP i razvoju posturalne kontrole kod djece s CP pregledom postojećih istraživanja o navedenoj problematici. U radu će se definirati tri teorije o razvoju posturalne kontrole : Neuralna maturacijska teorija (NMT) , Teorija dinamičkih sustava (DST) i Teorija odabira neuronskih grupa (NGST) kao i instrumenti procjene posturalne kontrole.The definition of cerebral palsy throughout history has often been considered, developed and changed, and today the most widespread is the thesis according to which cerebral palsy (CP) refers to a group of variable, non-progressive, but permanent disorders of movement and/or posture and motor functions caused by damage to the immature brain and/or the developing brain. According to data, in the developed world every 2-2.5 out of 1000 children suffer from cerebral palsy, and the spastic form is the most common (75%). Considering the above, CP is defined as the most common cause of severe neuromotoric deviations in children. Throughout the literature, attention is also paid to associated difficulties such as: epilepsy, visual and hearing sensory impairment, delayed neuromotoric development, clumsiness of fine and gross motor skills, behavioral disorders, speech development, cognitive development and specific learning disabilities. Postural control is defined as postural stability, that is, the ability to maintain the desired static and dynamic postural orientation, which enables the execution of numerous actions in different positions of the body with regard to the influence of the force of gravity. The postural development of children with CP lags behind the postural development of children with normal development, which is already visible in the early development period of the child and hinders their performance in everyday activities. The biggest difficulty in postural control of children with CP includes reduced range and variability of movement, poor control of movement speed and perceptual deficits in movement, and their ability to modulate the degree of postural muscle contraction in different situations is reduced. The aim of this paper is to present the current findings and knowledge about cerebral palsy and the development of postural control in children with cerebral palsy by reviewing the literature, that is, existing research on the aforementioned issue. The paper will define three theories on the development of postural control: The Neural-Maturationist Theories (NMT), Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) and Neuronal Group Selection Theory (NGST) as well as assessment instruments for postural control

Distribution Curves in Hydrology : Undergraduate Thesis

Na osnovi empirijskih podataka, postupkom izglađivanja, određuje se granična ili “teoretska“ krivulja. Rezultat ovog postupka predstavlja se krivuljom raspodjele. Postupkom izglađivanja vrši se interpolacija. Krivulja raspodjele predstavlja informacije o analiziranom nizu podataka, na osnovi dva i/ili tri parametara. Budući da su krivulje raspodjele brojne, postoji potreba za određivanje kvalitete prilagodbe “teoretskih” krivulja u odnosu na empirijske podatke.Based on empirical data, the smoothing process determines the boundary or "theoretical" curve. The result of this procedure is the distribution curve. Interpolation is performed by smoothing method. The distribution curve represents information on the analyzed data set, based on two and /or three parameters. Since the distribution curves are numerous, there is a need to determine the quality of adjustment of the "theoretical" curves in relation to the empirical data

Cerebral Palsy and Physical Exercise : Undergraduate Thesis

Čitajući raznu literaturu na temu cerebralne paralize, nailazimo na slične principe, savjete i činjenice kod većine autora. Naime svi naglašavaju važnost ranog prepoznavanja i otkrivanja oštećenja te što raniji početak vježbanja. Većina autora, iako različitih po tretmanu i pristupu, smatra da su prva 3 mjeseca najbitnija jer omogućuju preventivne mjere za sprječavanje abnormalnih i patoloških obrazaca kretanja. Tretman zahtjeva multidisciplinaran pristup, gdje se brojni stručnjaci moraju međusobnim konzultacijama i zajedničkim radom brzo usmjeriti na željene ciljeve i realizirati ih u što ranijem periodu djetetova života.Cerebral palsy Reading various literature on cerebral palsy I encounter almost identical principles, tips and facts in the majority of authors. The all emephasize the importance of early recognition and detection of damage and the early start of the exercise. Most authors believe that the first three months are of most importance for preventing of abnormal and pathological patterns of movement. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach, where many experts have mutual consulations and work together quickly to focus on the desired goals and realize them as early as possible in a child's life

Distribution Curves in Hydrology : Undergraduate Thesis

Na osnovi empirijskih podataka, postupkom izglađivanja, određuje se granična ili “teoretska“ krivulja. Rezultat ovog postupka predstavlja se krivuljom raspodjele. Postupkom izglađivanja vrši se interpolacija. Krivulja raspodjele predstavlja informacije o analiziranom nizu podataka, na osnovi dva i/ili tri parametara. Budući da su krivulje raspodjele brojne, postoji potreba za određivanje kvalitete prilagodbe “teoretskih” krivulja u odnosu na empirijske podatke.Based on empirical data, the smoothing process determines the boundary or "theoretical" curve. The result of this procedure is the distribution curve. Interpolation is performed by smoothing method. The distribution curve represents information on the analyzed data set, based on two and /or three parameters. Since the distribution curves are numerous, there is a need to determine the quality of adjustment of the "theoretical" curves in relation to the empirical data

Experimental Testing and Numerical Modeling of Masonry-Infilled Concrete and Steel Frames under Static and Dynamic Loads : Doctoral Thesis

U ovom su radu prikazani rezultati eksperimentalnih ispitivanja čeličnih i armirano-betonskih okvira sa zidanom ispunom. Eksperimentalni rad obuhvaća statička ispitivanja čeličnih okvira te dinamička ispitivanja čeličnih i betonskih okvira na potresnoj platformi. Aplicirana su dva umjetna akcelerograma i akcelerogram realnog potresa. Pobude su nanošene sukcesivno, s postepenim povećanjem amplituda akcelerograma za 0.1 g. Nadalje, u radu je prikazan razvijeni 2D numerički model za statičku i dinamičku analizu armirano-betonskih i čeličnih okvira sa zidanom ispunom koji može simulirati njihove najvažnije nelinearne efekte. U ovom je radu numerički model poboljšan s adekvatnom simulacijom faznog nastajanja okvira s ispunom te simulacijom nearmirane i armirane žbuke na vanjskim plohama ziđa. Razvijeni numerički model verificiran je pomoću rezultata prethodno provedenih eksperimenata. Primjenom ovog numeričkog modela, istražen je utjecaj više parametara na ponašanje okvira s ispunom. Na kraju su prikazani najvažniji zaključci o ponašanju ovakvih konstrukcija pod statičkim i potresnim opterećenjem te dani praktični savjeti i preporuke za njihov pouzdani proračun.This Thesis presents the results of experimental tests of masonry-infilled concrete and steel frames. The experimental work concerns static tests of masonry-infilled steel frames and dynamic tests of masonry-infilled steel and concrete frames on a shake table. Two artificial accelerograms and one real accelerogram were applied. The accelerograms were applied successively, by gradually increasing acceleration amplitudes for 0.1 g. Further, the Thesis presents a developed 2D numerical model for static and dynamic analysis of masonry-infilled concrete and steel frames that can simulate their main nonlinear effects. In this paper, the numerical model was improved with adequate simulation of structural formation and with simulation of reinforced and unreinforced plaster on exterior sides of a wall. The developed numerical model was verified using the results of the previous performed tests. The influence of several parameters on the behavior of masonry-infilled frames was investigated with the numerical model. Finally, main conclusions regarding behavior of these structures under static and dynamic loads are stated, followed by practical advises and recommendations for their reliable design

Cerebral Palsy and Physical Exercise : Undergraduate Thesis

Čitajući raznu literaturu na temu cerebralne paralize, nailazimo na slične principe, savjete i činjenice kod većine autora. Naime svi naglašavaju važnost ranog prepoznavanja i otkrivanja oštećenja te što raniji početak vježbanja. Većina autora, iako različitih po tretmanu i pristupu, smatra da su prva 3 mjeseca najbitnija jer omogućuju preventivne mjere za sprječavanje abnormalnih i patoloških obrazaca kretanja. Tretman zahtjeva multidisciplinaran pristup, gdje se brojni stručnjaci moraju međusobnim konzultacijama i zajedničkim radom brzo usmjeriti na željene ciljeve i realizirati ih u što ranijem periodu djetetova života.Cerebral palsy Reading various literature on cerebral palsy I encounter almost identical principles, tips and facts in the majority of authors. The all emephasize the importance of early recognition and detection of damage and the early start of the exercise. Most authors believe that the first three months are of most importance for preventing of abnormal and pathological patterns of movement. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach, where many experts have mutual consulations and work together quickly to focus on the desired goals and realize them as early as possible in a child's life

Development of postural control in children with cerebral palsy

Definicija cerebralne paralize tijekom povijest se često razmatrala, razvijala i mijenjala, a danas je najraširenija ona teza prema kojoj cerebralna paraliza (CP) označuje skupinu promjenjivih, neprogresivnih, ali trajnih poremećaja pokreta i / ili posture i motoričkih funkcija uzrokovanih oštećenjem nezrelog mozga i / ili mozga u razvoju. Prema podatcima, u razvijenom svijetu od cerebralne paralize boluje 2-2,5 od 1000 djece, a najčešće je zastupljen spastični oblik (75%). Obzirom na navedeno, CP se definira kao najčešći uzrok težih neuromotoričkih odstupanja kod djece. U literaturi pažnja se pridaje i pridruženim teškoćama kao što su: epilepsija, oštećenje senzorike vida i sluha, usporen neuromotorički razvoj, nespretnost fine i grube motorike, smetnje ponašanja, razvoja govora, kognitivnog razvoja i specifične smetnje učenja. Posturalna kontrola definirana je kao posturalna stabilnost, odnosno sposobnost održavanja željene statičke i dinamičke posturalne orijentacije čime se omogućava izvršavanje mnogobrojnih radnji u različitim položajima tijela s obzirom na utjecaj sile gravitacije. Posturalni razvoj djece s CP zaostaje u odnosu na posturalni razvoj djece urednog razvoja, što je vidljivo već u ranom razvojnom razdoblju djeteta i ometa njihovo djelovanje u svakodnevnim aktivnostima. Najveća poteškoća posturalne kontrole djece s CP uključuje smanjen opseg i varijabilnost kretanja, lošu kontrolu brzine kretanja i perceptivne nedostatke u kretanju te im je smanjena mogućnost modulacije stupnja posturalne kontrakcije mišića u različitim situacijama. Cilj ovog rada je predstaviti dosadašnje spoznaje o CP i razvoju posturalne kontrole kod djece s CP pregledom postojećih istraživanja o navedenoj problematici. U radu će se definirati tri teorije o razvoju posturalne kontrole : Neuralna maturacijska teorija (NMT) , Teorija dinamičkih sustava (DST) i Teorija odabira neuronskih grupa (NGST) kao i instrumenti procjene posturalne kontrole.The definition of cerebral palsy throughout history has often been considered, developed and changed, and today the most widespread is the thesis according to which cerebral palsy (CP) refers to a group of variable, non-progressive, but permanent disorders of movement and/or posture and motor functions caused by damage to the immature brain and/or the developing brain. According to data, in the developed world every 2-2.5 out of 1000 children suffer from cerebral palsy, and the spastic form is the most common (75%). Considering the above, CP is defined as the most common cause of severe neuromotoric deviations in children. Throughout the literature, attention is also paid to associated difficulties such as: epilepsy, visual and hearing sensory impairment, delayed neuromotoric development, clumsiness of fine and gross motor skills, behavioral disorders, speech development, cognitive development and specific learning disabilities. Postural control is defined as postural stability, that is, the ability to maintain the desired static and dynamic postural orientation, which enables the execution of numerous actions in different positions of the body with regard to the influence of the force of gravity. The postural development of children with CP lags behind the postural development of children with normal development, which is already visible in the early development period of the child and hinders their performance in everyday activities. The biggest difficulty in postural control of children with CP includes reduced range and variability of movement, poor control of movement speed and perceptual deficits in movement, and their ability to modulate the degree of postural muscle contraction in different situations is reduced. The aim of this paper is to present the current findings and knowledge about cerebral palsy and the development of postural control in children with cerebral palsy by reviewing the literature, that is, existing research on the aforementioned issue. The paper will define three theories on the development of postural control: The Neural-Maturationist Theories (NMT), Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) and Neuronal Group Selection Theory (NGST) as well as assessment instruments for postural control

Distribution Curves in Hydrology : Undergraduate Thesis

Na osnovi empirijskih podataka, postupkom izglađivanja, određuje se granična ili “teoretska“ krivulja. Rezultat ovog postupka predstavlja se krivuljom raspodjele. Postupkom izglađivanja vrši se interpolacija. Krivulja raspodjele predstavlja informacije o analiziranom nizu podataka, na osnovi dva i/ili tri parametara. Budući da su krivulje raspodjele brojne, postoji potreba za određivanje kvalitete prilagodbe “teoretskih” krivulja u odnosu na empirijske podatke.Based on empirical data, the smoothing process determines the boundary or "theoretical" curve. The result of this procedure is the distribution curve. Interpolation is performed by smoothing method. The distribution curve represents information on the analyzed data set, based on two and /or three parameters. Since the distribution curves are numerous, there is a need to determine the quality of adjustment of the "theoretical" curves in relation to the empirical data