Molecular epidemiology of animal and human brucellosis in Mongolia

In Mongolia, human brucellosis became an issue in the 1960s. During the 1980s, thanks to livestock vaccination, human incidence was reduced to less than 1 case per 100,000 populations. In the 1990s, human brucellosis re-emerged due to the breakdown of government run disease surveillance and control programs and the lack of resources in the veterinary and medical sectors. Since 2000, the government of Mongolia has been implementing a mass brucellosis vaccination which extended until 2021. The brucellosis mass vaccination was not able to interrupt transmission from livestock to humans. This requires trace-back investigation of brucellosis using molecular epidemiological methods for medical and veterinary sectors in Mongolia. There is still a lack of understanding of the most important livestock-human brucellosis transmission, and no molecular epidemiological data is available for analysis of the current situation. The principal objective of this PhD thesis was to provide the national brucellosis control program with evidence-based decision making to enhance its effectiveness. The evidences were provided through employing different research methods implemented in the selected areas of the study. A simultaneous assessment of humans and livestock was conducted to help better understand the disease situation and understand access of the rural people to brucellosis diagnosis and treatment. Another study was carried out sampling of infected livestock and brucellosis patients from a hospital to identify the main Brucella spp. using bacteriological and molecular methods. Brucella melitensis turns out to be the main strain dominantly circulating in the country. The main reservoir host for B. melitensis is the sheep from which the strains spill over to goats and humans. A vaccine cool chain assessment of the national livestock vaccination checked the quality of brucellosis vaccines. Overall these assessments strive to improve the quality of the national brucellosis control program

A Study for the Development Needs of Professional Teachers at Vocational Education and Training Institution in Mongolia

This paper describes an importance of development needs of professional teachers at vocational education and training institutions in Mongolia. Study group consisted of 14 public and private vocational education institutions and 285 professional teachers participated in the survey. The purpose of this study was to determine the needs of teacher training and professional development at vocational education and training institutions. In particular, the relationship between the needs of teachers and the factors that influence them have been analyzed within the framework of the survey. For statistical analyses, variation value, reliability analysis, KMO and Bartlett’s test, commonality of variables, correlation analysis were performed. The findings indicated that it is necessary to implement various policies and activities to support and develop school-based activities and support them financially in order to ensure the professional development of teachers. Also, it is required to consider the teacher development of training content and improvement of training courses to support the development of teachers of vocational education and training. Moreover, there is need to operate the content of training for teacher development. The paper concludes with recommendations for further investigation

Veterinary services in Mongolia: issues and options in the context of liberalisation of the livestock economy

Veterinary services play a vital role in the economy of Mongolia by reducing livestock production losses and improving welfare of poor herder families. Not only does the livestock sector contribute about 70 percent of total agricultural output and make up approximately 40 percent of the country's exports, but this sector is crucial in providing food security directly for the population as a whole, almost half of which live in rural areas and whose employment and incomes depend largely on livestock. The Mongolian diet is largely based on livestock products, as domestic vegetable and crop production is limited (due to agro-climatic constraints) and as imports of food have never been very important in overall terms. However, what has been imported has in the past primarily been imported at rather low prices from Russia. The veterinary services were set up to meet the needs of the livestock economy during the communist era, characterised by (predominantly) collectivised ownership and a centrally planned economy. The old command economy is giving way to a new free market economy, though many pjrsctilcEl obstacles remain. The central question which will be addressed in this report is "how can the veterinary sector be reformed in order to better perform its roles of improving the profitability of herding and enhancing the contribution of extensive herding to food security?

METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES FOR PROCESSING PASTURE LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE GOVI REGION

Pasture land use plan problems in Mongolian desert steppe and desert have become worse in years to come.Economic, social and ecological adverse consequences have occurred because of more increased overgrazing which is natural resources.The research work purpose is to study pasture land using features and to determine ways of grazing improvement methods in the Govi region.Saintsagaan soum, Dundgovi aimag was selected with regard to the research purpose.Pasture land using features, nomadic style and geographic location of the soum was studied and the pasture land use plan was developed and implemented with participant of local people and community in 2015. For the Saintsagaan soum, the largest proportion of the herders makes migration to other aimags and soums and the plan suited to the feature was processed. In 2015, a review of the implementation of the plan and ways for further improvement was identified.Pasture land use plan problems in Mongolian desert steppe and desert have become worse in years to come.Economic, social and ecological adverse consequences have occurred because of more increased overgrazing which is natural resources.The research work purpose is to study pasture land using features and to determine ways of grazing improvement methods in the Govi region.Saintsagaan soum, Dundgovi aimag was selected with regard to the research purpose.Pasture land using features, nomadic style and geographic location of the soum was studied and the pasture land use plan was developed and implemented with participant of local people and community in 2015. For the Saintsagaan soum, the largest proportion of the herders makes migration to other aimags and soums and the plan suited to the feature was processed. In 2015, a review of the implementation of the plan and ways for further improvement was identified

Rehabilitation Treatment Outcomes among Stroke Patients with Dysphagia

Objectives: Dysphagia is a major complaint following stroke and occurs 37-78% of the time. It is associated with poor clinical outcome and high mortality rates. There are approximately 220-290 new stroke cases per 100.000 person-years in Mongolia and 178-260 in China. Rapidly changing lifestyles, socioeconomic status, stress, and increasing cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of stroke in the world and its diagnosis and treatment are one of the challenges of health care. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the swallow status and treatment outcome among dysphagic patients. Methods: The study was conducted in a hospital-based, cross-sectional method. Study participants were obtained from the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolian University for the Nationalities between July 2018 and March 2019. All patients were randomly divided into three treatment groups. 149 patients with dysphagia were evaluated by video fluoroscopic assessment (VFSS) before and after the treatment. Results: In total, 149 participants (mean age = 59.70 ± 9.55 years) aged between 34-77 were obtained in this study. There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups in age (p = 0.583). The data showed a statistically significant positive treatment effect for all three groups (p = 0.000). The VFSS score was 7.94 ± 1.04 in the A group, 7.52 ± 1.12 in the B group, and 8.36 ± 0.98 in the C group after the treatment. The VFSS score shows a statistically significant difference, after the treatment (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Rehabilitation treatment combined with neuromuscular electrical simulation shows a better outcome than rehabilitation treatment without combined neuromuscular stimulation among stroke patients with dysphagia. The assessment of swallowing function should include both clinical and video fluoroscopic evaluation. Video fluoroscopic features are important predictors of swallowing abnormalities and complications

JSAP1 and JLP are required for ARF6 localization to the midbody in cytokinesis

13301甲第4104号博士（医学）金沢大学博士論文本文Full 以下に掲載：Genes to Cells 19(9) pp.692-703 2014. MBSJ and Wiley. 共著者：Baljinnyam Tuvshintugs,　Tokiharu Sato, Radnaa, Enkhtuya, Katsumi Yamashita, Katsuji Yoshiok

Recombinant R-spondin2 and Wnt3a Up- and Down-Regulate Novel Target Genes in C57MG Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells

R-spondins (Rspos) comprise a family of four secreted proteins that have important roles in cell proliferation, cell fate determination and organogenesis. Rspos typically exert their effects by potentiating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. To systematically investigate the impact of Rspo/Wnt on gene expression, we performed a microarray analysis using C57MG mouse mammary epithelial cells treated with recombinant Rspo2 and/or Wnt3a. We observed the up- and down-regulation of several previously unidentified target genes, including ones that encode proteins involved in immune responses, effectors of other growth factor signaling pathways and transcription factors. Dozens of these changes were validated by quantitative real time RT-PCR. Time course experiments showed that Rspo2 typically had little or no effect on Wnt-dependent gene expression at 3 or 6 h, but enhanced expression at 24 h, consistent with biochemical data indicating that Rspo2 acts primarily to sustain rather than acutely increase Wnt pathway activation. Up-regulation of gene expression was inhibited by pre-treatment with Dickkopf1, a Wnt/β-catenin pathway antagonist, and by siRNA knockdown of β-catenin expression. While Dickkopf1 blocked Rspo2/Wnt3a-dependent down-regulation, a number of down-regulated genes were not affected by β-catenin knockdown, suggesting that in these instances down-regulation was mediated by a β-catenin-independent mechanism

The Effectiveness of Adjunctive Therapies Following Botulinum Toxin Type A Injections in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Objectives: To investigate the effectiveness of intermittent vs. continuous adjunctive therapies following BoNT-A injections for children with cerebral palsy (CP).Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with 80 participants with CP who received adjunctive therapies including physiotherapy and functional electrical stimulation after BoNT-A injections. The participants were randomly divided into two groups. In group A, half of the participants received intermittently adjunctive therapies. In group B, adjunctive therapies were organized continuously for another half. We measured changes in spasticity and dynamic spasticity used by the Modified Ashworth Scale and the Modified Tardieu Scale, and gross motor function used the Gross Motor Function Measure-88. Measurement of spasticity was carried out pre-injections and then 1- and 3-months post-injections. Measurement of gross motor function was organized pre- and post-injections.Results: The effectiveness of BoNT-A injections presented significant improvement in spasticity and gross motor function when it was combined with adjunctive therapies. The continuous adjunctive therapies had a greater reduction of spasticity. Both intermittent and continuous adjunctive therapies had a significant improvement in gross motor function.Conclusions: Our findings add to the evidence of the effectiveness of using different intervals of short-term adjunctive therapies for children with CP after BoNT-A injections

Evaluation of Quality of Life and Treatment Outcome among Stroke Patients with Dysphagia

Objectives: Dysphagia occurs in 37-78% of stroke patients. We aimed to study the effect of three treatments on the quality of life of stroke patients with dysphagia. Methods: The study was a hospital-based, cross-sectional study. Participants were enrolled from the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolian University for the Nationalities between July 2018 and March 2019. All patients were randomly divided into three treatment groups. One hundred forty-nine patients with post-stroke dysphagia were evaluated by Swallowing-Related Quality of Life (SWL-QOL) Scale before and after the treatment. Results: The mean age of the patients was 59.70 ± 9.55 years, with no difference between treatment groups. There was a statistically significant improvement in scores for all three treatments compared to pretreatment (p=.0001). The SWAL-QOL score was 39.25 ± 3.50 after sensory treatment combined with conventional swallowing therapy, 39.10 ± 3.54 following motor treatment combined with conventional therapy, and 42.12 ± 4.55 in neuromuscular stimulation combined with conventional therapy with latter’s scores significantly higher than the other treatments (p<.01). Conclusions: Conventional therapy combined with neuromuscular electrical simulation provided a better outcome than conventional therapy combined with nerve or muscular stimulation in stroke patients with dysphagia