Constitutional guarantees for the stability of the Council of Ministers

W artykule ukazane zostało zagadnienie stabilności funkcjonowania kolegialnego członu władzy wykonawczej – rządu. Stabilność władzy wykonawczej, obok partycypacji obywatelskiej w wyborach oraz utrzymania porządku politycznego, jest jednym z elementów szerszego pojęcia, jakim jest stabilność polityczna państwa. Doświadczenia historyczne (zwłaszcza Francji III i IV Republiki oraz Włoch) ukazują, jak ważnym zagadnieniem jest możliwość stabilnego i efektywnego działania rządu. Odnosząc tytułowe zagadnienie do polskiego modelu ustrojowego, autor dokonuje analizy norm konstytucyjnych determinujących zasady powoływania Rady Ministrów oraz możliwości jej odwołania.The article deals with the stability of the functioning of a collegial body of the executive power – the government. The stability of the executive power, together with citizens’ participation in the elections and maintenance of political order, is one of the elements of a broader concept of a state’s political stability. Historical experiences (especially those of the French Third and the Fourth Republic and Italy) demonstrate the importance of stable and effective functioning of a government. Relating the issue in question to the Polish model of government, the author analyses constitutional norms laying down the principles of appointing the Council of Ministers and the possibilities of its dismissal

BOOK REVIEWS

Families Caring Across Borders, Migration, Ageing and TransnationalCaregiving by Baldassar, Loretta; Baldock Vellekoop Cora and Wilding Raelene, (2007) Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 259 pp.Contemporary Polish Migration in Europe, Complex Patterns of Movement and Settlement Edited by Anna Triandafyllidou, (2006) The Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York, 319 pp.Turkey’s Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Ataturk’s Vision Arnold Reisman (2006) New Academia Publishing, LLC.Innovative Concepts for Alternative Migration Policies: Ten Innovative Approaches to the Challenges of Migration in the 21st Century Edited by Michael Jandl, (2007) IMISCOE Reports, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 153 pp.The Europeanization of National Policies and Politics of Immigrationbetween Autonomy and the European Union edited by Thomas Faist and Andreas Ette (eds.) (2007), Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 270 pp.Immigration Under New Labour by Will Somerville (2007), the PolicyPress, Bristol, 232 pp.Families ; Polish migration ; Turkey's Modernisation ; Migration Policy ; Innovative concepts ; Europeanisation of migration policies ; Immigration ; New Labour

Comparative clinical evaluation of tacrolimus and cyclosporine eye drops for the treatment of canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of tacrolimus eye drops in alleviating the clinical symptoms of canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and to compare this efficacy with that of cyclosporine. The clinical study was conducted on 40 dogs diagnosed with idiopathic KCS. The dogs were divided into two groups of 20 animals each. In Group I, 0.75% cyclosporine eye drops were administered three times a day, while in Group II 0.02% tacrolimus eye drops were given twice daily. In addition, each group was subdivided into three subgroups based on the results of Schirmer tear test I (STT I). Clinical and ophthalmologic examinations were performed prior to the treatment as well as after one and two months of therapy. The application of both tacrolimus and cyclosporine resulted in a significant reduction of neovascularisation after the first and second month of treatment (P < 0.05, P < 0.001); however, in moderate and advanced stages, the observed efficacy of tacrolimus was higher. Across all patients, a significant increase in STT I values was observed after both the first and second month of treatment with tacrolimus (P < 0.01), as well as after two months of treatment with cyclosporine (P < 0.05). In both groups, some patients were observed to exhibit inhibited development of pigmentation, but an analysis of particular clinical cases and statistical data revealed no statistically significant discrepancies in the course of the study. In cases of advanced canine KCS, the efficacy of tacrolimus may be higher than that of cyclosporine

Serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentration in dogs diagnosed with chronic superficial keratitis

The objective of this study was to measure the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in dogs diagnosed with chronic superficial keratitis (CSK). The study was performed on 25 German shepherds (14 males and 11 females, aged between 3 and 11 years). The VEGF levels were determined in blood serum using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Quantikine Canine VEGF Immunoassay, R&amp;D Systems). The test group of affected German shepherds was subdivided into two subgroups, based on the area of corneal neovascularisation. The first subgroup (9 patients) comprised dogs with neovascularisation observed in 1 to 2 quadrants of the right and left cornea, while the second subgroup (16 patients) comprised dogs with neovascularisation observed in 3 to 4 quadrants of the right and left cornea. The control group comprised 12 clinically healthy German shepherds (7 males and 5 females, aged between 3 and 9 years). The results were then statistically analysed by the Mann-Whitney test. The study indicated that the median serum VEGF concentration in healthy dogs was 14.9 pg/mL. The VEGF level observed in sick German shepherds was elevated (19.5 pg/mL) as compared to the values found in healthy dogs; however, a statistically significant increase in VEGF concentration, as compared to the values observed in healthy dogs, was only noted in the first subgroup, where the median VEGF concentration was 22.0 pg/mL. Elevated serum VEGF concentration was observed in German shepherds diagnosed with CSK. A statistically significant increase in VEGF levels was observed in dogs in the first stage of the disease, i.e. the early stage of neovascularisation

Effectiveness of actions associated with the environmental protection and the sustainable development

The problem, which for many centuries measured globe is "coexistence" between man and nature. The essential element of this process is the continuous satisfaction of human needs with the use of what nature and the process of globalization have given of themselves. Therefore, the authors of this article research has identified the following problems, namely. Do man can imagine himself without essential environment? Is the action and the human conscience allows him to "surrender" the gifts of fauna and flora? Is in the current progress in the development of society is the human factor that causes people to become empathetic to the devastation of the environment? The present article attempts to answer these questions, and the responses are the hypotheses

Migration Crisis on the Polish-Belarusian Border (2021-2022) From a Humanitarian and Human Rights Perspective

The aim of this article is an attempt to answer the questions: how should Poland's policy towards the crisis on the border with Belarus be assessed from the humanitarian and human rights perspective? How should a country, in this case Poland, behave towards those crossing the border of that country, in a situation of deceitful importation and the subsequent use of innocent immigrants/ refugees as tools for hostile actions against a neighboring state by the authoritarian regime of Belarus? The article also attempts to answer a question about the challenges faced by non-governmental organisations and the important role they play in a situation where state policy is at variance with international law and basic ethical principles whereby human rights are violated. The analysis of the situation on the Polish-Belarusian border, based on the assumption that each state has a duty to protect its border, but at the same time it has a duty to protect human life and to make sure that the law is respected on that border, allows for the conclusion that Polish policy is in conflict with international law and basic ethical principles. The article also shows the challenges faced by civic organisations and the very important role that civic organisations play in this situation