Livelihoods of the People of Mazumbai: A Collection of Stories and Portraits, Tanga Region, Tanzania

Despite rapid urbanization in Tanzania, agriculture remains central to the nation, the economy, and the livelihoods of a large portion of the population. Smallholder farmers account for the vast majority of agricultural production, yet are an extremely vulnerable population due to poverty, single-sourced income, and climate-dependency for both subsistence and cash-crop agriculture (Rapsomanikis, 2015). This report explores these dynamic rural livelihoods through interviews and portrait photographs in a case study on Mazumbai, Tanga region, Tanzania. Semi-structured interviews explore the people’s modes of economic subsistence, domestic lives, education, challenges, and life stories. Excerpts from these interviews combined with portrait photographs create vibrant profiles of individuals that together reflect the broader story of all the livelihoods of the people of Mazumbai. Through these profiles, three major themes emerged as most pertinent: (1) the centrality of agriculture, (2) the impact of education, and (3) efforts to diversify income. This report brings these three themes to life through a storytelling format that is accessible, interesting, and informative to a wide audience, beyond just academia. There is universally a humanitarian importance and benefit to learning about and understanding other ways of life. Locally, these rural livelihoods are especially important to understand and document because while they are central to the nation, they are under threat and vulnerable. Studying Mazumbai as an agricultural community also highlights some of the most direct, negative impacts of climate change on a global scale, and how these affected populations will continue to respond and adapt in the future

Father in Jail

A review of Making Fathers Pay: The Enforcement of Child Support by David L. Chamber

The relationships between temperature acclimation, neural lipid saturation, and the toxicity of allethrin to the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Studies have shown that the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, undergoes physiological and biochemical changes in response to temperature treatments. One objective of the research described in this dissertation was to determine if the temperature regime before or after treatment affects the toxicity of allethrin to the American cockroach. Insects were acclimated for 7-8 days at 14°, 22°, or 30° C, treated by immersion, then held at one of the same 3 temperatures until mortality determination. Acclimation at low temperature resulted in up to a 3-fold increase in toxicity to adult males. When the effects of low post-treatment temperature were combined with low acclimation temperature, a 24-fold increase in toxicity occurred;Another objective was to determine if acclimation temperature affects lipid composition of nerve cords or fat bodies in P. americana. These studies were done because other workers have suggested that lipid changes are important to toxicity. Gas-liquid chromatography of lipid extracts detected 15 fatty acids in nerve cords and 17 in fat bodies; 11 of these were identified in each organ. The predominant fatty acids detected in nerve cords and fat bodies, respectively, were oleic (40%, 40%), palmitic (22%, 25%), linoleic (17%, 18%), and stearic (10%, 10%) acids;Nerve cords and fat bodies responded quite differently to a one-week period of temperature acclimation. Low temperature acclimation resulted in an orderly increase in weight-% of 3 unsaturated fatty acids and a decrease in 3 saturated fatty acids in nerve cords. Changes in fat body lipids, however, followed no consistent pattern. No direct evidence linking neural lipid changes with toxicity changes is presented in this research. However, low acclimation temperature resulted in increased unsaturation of nerve cord lipids and increased toxicity of the neurotoxin allethrin; the significance of this correlation is discussed