Inflationary Trends in India: A Pre and Post Reform Study

The present paper attempts to explore the nature, trends and patterns of inflation in India during 1980-2016. The selected time period has been trifurcated purposively into three-time spans namely, pre-reform period (1980-90), after reform period (1991-2000) and subsequent period (2001-16). The endeavour of the paper is to examine the dynamics of inflation over the three-time spans from 1980-2016 in the Indian economy. It has been found that the inflation, based on WPI and CPI, is continuously rising since 1980. Up to 1995, the trend in CPI and WPI were same and there was no significant difference between them. However, after 1995, CPI has recorded larger growth as compared to WPI. Such trend has also continued in the subsequent period. The study reveals that this trend may be attributed to change in the composition of WPI and CPI since weights of primary articles have declined in WPI whereas such weights have registered a considerable increase in the categories of manufacturing, fuel and power. The shift in weights overtime provides us with an indicator of the changing production and use pattern of the commodities in the Indian set up. Further, the weights of food items have reduced overtime in case of CPI and such weights have been increased in respect of clothing, housing and fuel. The changes witnessed in weights of CPI are indicators of a growing economy. This study further contributes in the available literature by comparing the patterns of Inflation in Pre and Post-reform Period

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF ARIPIPRAZOLE IN SWAB SAMPLES ON PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT SURFACES FOR CLEANING VALIDATION

Objective: To validate simple analytical method and its application in the determination of residual aripiprazole in production area equipment and to confirm the efficiency of cleaning procedure.Methods: The swab sampling and UV method for residual estimation of aripiprazole in swab samples from equipment surfaces after manufacturing of three consecutive batches of aripiprazole 10 mg uncoated tablets were developed and validated.Results: The swab sampling method was developed and validated in order to obtain the suitable recovery (>90%). The swabs were saturated with acetonitrile. The UV method was developed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 255 nm. The calibration curve was linear (r2 =1.0000) over a concentration range of 1-30 µg/ml. The LOD and LOQ were 0.43 µg/ml and 1.32µg/ml, respectively. No interference from swab solution was observed and samples were stable for 24h. The determined concentration varying from 1.00-5.687µg/swab was well below the calculated limit of contamination i.e., 24.2µg/swab or 24.2 µg/25 cm2.Conclusion: The results obtained from cleaning procedure confirmed that the proposed procedure was able to remove aripiprazole from equipment surfaces below the value of 10 ppm criteria. So the proposed validated UV method with appropriate swab wipe procedure could be applicable for cleaning validation on residues of aripiprazole

Exploring Raw Safety Aspects in Aviation Industry

Aviation is the growing industry. Safety in the aviation industry is most important. Safety is affected by many factors such as environmental, economical, technical, and operational and many challenges are in the way of aviation safety to overcome from these hurdles .So this paper tried to explore the different safety aspects for the aviation industry. From the literature different research streams and research issues are discussed which affects the safety of the aviation industry. Keywords: Aviation Safety, Challenges, Safety Aspects, Environmental, Economical, Technica

Dietary flavonoids: Bioavailability and biosynthesis

Flavonoids are one of the largest groups of natural plant products and are found in most, if not all, fruits and vegetables. As dietary components, flavonoids have widespread biological properties and have been associated with several health benefits, including reduced risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The flavonol, quercetin, one of the most ubiquitous dietary flavonoids, is found principally as glycoside conjugates in plants and quercetin-3-glucosylrhamnoside (rutin) is one of the more common forms. To establish the role of rutin as a protective agent in vivo, it is critical to understand the chemical nature of the absorbed forms and their in vivo concentrations in the circulatory and excretory system. The bioavailability of rutin is not very well understood as reflected by the varying peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) and the time taken to reach the peak plasma concentration (Tmax) reported in the literature. This may, in part, be due to the analytical techniques used which include acid or glucuronidase/sulphatase treatments to release the parent aglycone prior to quantitative analysis by low resolution, isocratic reverse-phase HPLC. In addition, there has been some debate on the types of rutin catabolites produced as a result of colonic breakdown. There is therefore a need for further more detailed information on the absoiption, metabolism and bioavailability of rutin. The underlying objective in Chapter 3 was to investigate the metabolism and absoiption of rutin in vivo after ingestion of tomato juice supplemented with 164 ?moles (l00mg) of rutin. Rutin was found to be extensively metabolised and made bioavailable to humans reflected in the identification of many phase II metabolites and catabolites. To investigate the role of colonic microflora in the breakdown of rutin, an in vitro faecal fermentation study was carried out as discussed in Chapter 4. Accumulation of quercetin in the fermentation vessel as early as 4 h after incubation indicated that deglycosylation was the initial step in the colonic breakdown of rutin. The addition of glucose to the fermentation media enhanced the deglycosylation process by almost 20 h. The study in Chapter 5 aimed at achieving this objective. An attempt was made to direct the synthesis of genistein in arabidopis and in tomato by introducing isoflavone synthase (IFS), which is the key enzyme for the entry into the isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway. The full length IFS cDNA from soybean roots was isolated and cloned into binary vectors, pGlasglow and pCHF3 habouring the CaMV 35S promoter and into pER8 vector carrying an estrogen inducible G10-90 promoter. Using agrobacterium mediated transformation, the IFS gene was introduced in arabidopsis and tomato. Due to the nature of the pER8 construct and its G10-90 promoter, a 3-10 fold higher gene expression level was observed in arabidopsis transgenic plants transformed by pER8 binary vector than those transformed with pGlasglow. High levels of gene silencing was observed when using the CaMV 35S in arabidopsis and total gene silencing was observed when the same promoter was used in tomatoes. HPLC-PDA-MS2 analysis of leaf extracts in the highly and moderately expressed IFS arabidopsis lines failed to detect the presence of genistein. Western blot analysis implied that IFS proteins were synthesized and accumulated in the leaves of arabidopsis and were present 'freely' in the cytoplasm rather than being membrane bound as they would in their natural environment. It was, therefore, hypothesised that the 'free' IFS was not able to access the substrate, naringenin which may be compartmentalized in a pre-existing multienzyme complex, and as a consequence, IFS was unable to synthesize genistein. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)

The Effects of Thymosin Alpha-1 on Macrophages: A Cytological and Anti-Inflammatory Study

Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα-1) is a naturally occurring substance synthesized by the thymus tissue, known to activate various immune system cells. It has been reported to increase the production of Natural Killer cells, CD4 and CD8 cells, and cytokines such as IL-2, IL-3, and IFNγ. Furthermore, it plays a vital role in regulating immunity, inflammation, and tolerance. Its effect on the immune system is exerted via its modulatory action on innate immune system cells, thereby functioning as an endogenous regulator for both inflammatory and adaptive immune systems. In this study, we sought to evaluate the cytological and anti-inflammatory effects of Tα-1 on RAW 264.7 cells. The cytological effects of Tα-1 were assessed using the MTT assay, with the IC50 value against RAW 264.7 cells determined to be 368.105 ug/ml. The morphological observations made at various concentrations of Tα-1 showed increased cytotoxicity and decreased cell density of RAW 264.7 cells with increasing test concentration. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effects of Tα-1 were evaluated by analyzing the nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment with the test items at concentrations ranging from 7.813 to 31.25 ug/ml showed a dose-dependent reduction in NO production compared with the control group. These findings suggest that Tα-1 may have the potential as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of various diseases associated with inflammation

Development of near isogenic lines (NILS) using backcross method of breeding and simultaneous screening against Karnal bunt disease of wheat

Karnal bunt of wheat caused by Tilletia indica can be a hindrance to wheat trade as the fungal disease is known to affect the quality of the grain. As a breeding strategy, a set of eight near isogenics lines (NILs) and backcross derived recombinant inbred lines (micro-RILs) were developed in the background of PBW 343 and WH542 for Karnal bunt resistance over a period of time. The donor stocks resistant to Karnal bunt used in the study were ALDAN ‘ S’ / IAS 58, CMH 77.308, H567.7I, HD29, HP1531, W485 and their derived lines KBRL 22 and KBRL 57. Effective method for screening to Karnal bunt was standardized and used for identification of resistant lines across many seasons. Some of the identified lines evaluated for yield were found to be equivalent to the high yielding parents and the commercially grown check varieties. These developed lines will serve as a basic material for production of Karnal bunt free wheat

Analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus fentanyl as an adjunct to thoracic epidural in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery: a randomized controlled trial

Background: This randomised, double-blind study was designed to assess the analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine as compared with fentanyl as an adjunct to local anaesthetic in thoracic epidural for upper abdominal surgeries.Methods: Forty adult patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I–II undergoing upper abdominal surgery were randomly allocated into two groups to receive 50 μg fentanyl or 50 μg dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to 10 ml 0.125%bupivacaine via thoracic epidural. Anaesthesia was induced with morphine, propofol and vecuronium and maintained by isoflurane with 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen. In the postoperative period patient-controlled analgesic pumps were used to deliver similar types of mixtures via the epidural catheter. Patients were evaluated for rescue analgesic requirements, haemodynamic stability, postoperative pain, sedation and any adverse events.Results: The groups were comparable regarding intraoperative analgesic requirements, recovery times and postoperative pain scores. The total consumption of rescue analgesia was significantly less in the dexmedetomidine group as compared with the fentanyl group (p = 0.049). Two patients in the fentanyl group had vomiting and one had pruritus. None of the patients had bradycardia, hypotension, excessive sedation or respiratory depression. Patients receiving epidural dexmedetomidine were more satisfied with the technique than those receiving fentanyl (p < 0.001).Conclusion: It was concluded that the addition of dexmedetomidine with 0.125% bupivacaine in thoracic epidural provides effective perioperative analgesia with greater patient satisfaction compared with fentanyl.Keywords: adjuvants, dexmedetomidine, fentanyl, postoperative pain, thoracic epidura

Bioprotective properties of three Malaysia Phyllanthus species: an investigation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

The aim of this work was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial of Phyllanthus amarus, Phyllanthus niruri and Phyllanthus urinaria. P. niruri was found to possess the highest antioxidant activity, the activity decreased in the order P. niruri > P. amarus > P. urinaria for water extract. However, the activity decreased in the order P. niruri > P. urinaria > P. amarus for methanol extract. The result correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content revealed a positive correlation of 0.954 < r2 < 1.000 for both water and methanol extract. Methanol extract showed higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity as compared with water extract. Lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value for water extract against the selected microorganism was >2.5 mg/mL meanwhile, for methanol extract was <0.625 mg/mL. MBC level >2.5 mg/mL and >0.625 mg/mL were the value for water and methanol extract. Methanol extract showed better inhibition potential than water extract

Copper T (380 A) and risk of uterine perforation in lactating women: rural scenario

Background: Copper T 380 A is commonly used as PPIUCD as well as Interval contraception in rural areas of Chhattisgarh. Studies have reported that interval insertion of intrauterine device in women during their lactation period is associated with high risk of uterine perforation as compared to postpartum insertion similar as our study.Methods: 50 consecutive women were included, who came in family planning OPD of Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences (CIMS), a Government Medical College, with history of copper T insertion, during their lactation period, within one year of child birth. The copper T insertion was done by health workers at peripheral health centers with complains of pain lower abdomen, menstrual irregularities, missing thread, vaginal discharge, uterine perforation following Copper T 380 A insertion. Apart from patient’s characteristics such as age and parity etc. the method of detection of the perforation and details of management were analyzed.Results: There was one case of partial uterine perforation, one case of copper T lying in peritoneal cavity, two cases of expulsion and three cases had embedded copper T in the myometrium.Conclusions: The risk of perforation due to copper T 380A insertion in lactating women is slightly high, thus timing of insertion, proper counseling and providers training, which are vital factors for intrauterine device use during lactation period, should be considered seriously so as to minimize the complications

Kinetics and equilibrium studies for methylene blue removal from simulated wastewater effluents using agricultural waste, Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Batch adsorption experiments have been carried out for the removal of cationic dye, methylene blue from aqueous solutions by using Parthenium hystrophorous L. as biosorbent. The effect of major variables such as pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose and contact time has been investigated for the sorption of methylene blue on the low cost adsorbent. Equilibrium data were fitted in Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models and their constants are determined. The data could best be explained by Freundlich isotherm with maximum adsorption capacity (qo) of 40.79mgg-1. Kinetic modeling for methylene blue adsorption is done using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. It is found that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model most appropriately described the adsorption kinetics. The result indicates that the weed biomass can effectively be used for methylene blue removal from simulated aqueous solutions