HUBUNGAN ANTARA AKTIVITAS ASETILKOLINESTERASE DARAH DAN TINGKAT ATENSI PADA PETANI KENTANG DENGAN PAPARAN KRONIK PESTISIDA ORGANOFOSFAT DI DESA KEPAKISAN BANJARNEGARA

Latar Belakang: Keracunan pestisida organofosfat merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang umum terjadi di Indonesia. Melalui mekanisme penghambatan enzim asetilkolinesterase, paparan kronik organofosfat dapat memunculkan berbagai gangguan kognitif, salah satunya gangguan atensi. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara aktivitas asetilkolinesterase darah dan tingkat atensi pada petani kentang dengan paparan kronik pestisida organofosfat di Desa Kepakisan Banjarnegara. Method: Penelitian dengan rancangan belah lintang dilakukan pada 33 petani kentang Banjarnegara berjenis kelamin laki-laki berusia 18-59 tahun, yang telah bekerja sebagai petani selama minimal 2 tahun. Setiap subjek menjalani pemeriksaan asetilkolinesterase dengan Tintometer Kit (metode semikuantitatif) dilanjutkan dengan pengukuran atensi menggunakan aplikasi Attention Network Test (ANT). Data dianalisis menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman. Hasil :Dari seluruh subjek penelitian, 57.6 % (n=19) petani mengalami keracunan ringan sedangkan 42.4% (n=14) lainnya memiliki aktivitas asetilkolinesterase yang normal. Terdapat korelasi negatif bermakna antara aktivitas asetilkolinesterase darah dan total atensi, fungsi alerting serta orienting dengan derajat korelasi secara berurutan adalah -0,472 (p=0,006), -0,562 (p=0,001) dan -0,653 (p<0,001). Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi antara aktivitas asetilkolinesterase yang rendah dengan tingkat atensi yang buruk pada petani kentang dengan paparan kronik organofosfat di Kepakisan Banjarnegara. Kata Kunci: Aktivitas asetilkolinesterase, tingkat atensi, organofosfa

The Effect of Green Tea Leaf Extract on Spatial Memory Function and Superoxyde Dismutase Enzyme Activity in Mice with D-galactose Induced Dimentia

Background: Oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in pathogenesis of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer. Green tea has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective activity.Objectives: to determine the effect of green tea extract on spatial memory function and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in mice with D-galactose induced dementiaMethods: An experimental study using "post test only control group design". Twenty male BALB/c Mice aged 6-8 weeks were divided into 4 groups. Negative control group (NG) was induced by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose (150 mg/kg BW) once daily for 6 weeks. GT-90, GT-270, GT-540 were induced by D-galactose and orally administered with 90, 270, and 540 mg/kg BW of green tea extract once daily for 6 weeks. The spatial memory functions were assessed using Morris water maze and SOD enzyme activities were evaluated using ELISA. One-way Anova and Kruskal-Wallis were used for statistical analysis. Results: mean percentage of latency time in the GT-90 (35.29 (SD= 2.69)%), GT-270 (35.28 (SD= 2.62)%), and GT-540 (35.62 (SD=5.05)%) were significantly higher compared to that of NG (20.38 (SD = 3.21)%), p <0.05). SOD enzyme activity in the GT-270 (0.78 (SD = 0.07) U/ml) was significantly higher compared to that of NG (0.51 (SD = 0.01) U ml), p= 0.004).Conclusion: Green tea extract may improve spatial memory function and the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme in mice with D-galactose induced dementia.Introduction: Oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in pathogenesis of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer. Green tea has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective activity.Objective: to determine the effect of green tea extract on spatial memory function and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in mice with D-galactose induced dementia.Methods: An experimental study using “post test only control group design”. Twenty male BALB/c Mice aged 6-8 weeks were divided into 4 groups. Negative control group (NG) was induced by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose (150 mg/kg BW) once daily for 6 weeks. GT-90, GT-270, GT-540 were induced by D-galactose and orally administered with 90, 270, and 540 mg/kg BW of green tea extract once daily for 6 weeks. The spatial memory functions were assessed using Morris water maze and SOD enzyme activities were evaluated using ELISA. One-way Anova and Kruskal-Wallis were used for statistical analysis.Results: mean percentage of latency time in the GT-90 (35.29 (SD= 2.69)%), GT-270 (35.28 (SD= 2.62)%), and GT-540 (35.62 (SD=5.05)%) were significantly higher compared to that of NG (20.38 (SD = 3.21)%), p <0.05). SOD enzyme activity in the GT-270 (0.78 (SD = 0.07) U/ml) was significantly higher compared to that of NG (0.51 (SD = 0.01) U ml), p= 0.004).Conclusion: Green tea extract may improve spatial memory function and the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme in mice with D-galactose induced dementia

Factors That Influence the Quality of Doctor's Services in Children’s Diarrhea Cases in Indonesia

Diarrhea is one of the diseases that can increase child mortality rate. More than 2.3 billion cases and 1.5 million children under five years die from diarrhea. Good quality doctors can have positive influence on the quality of service. Outcome of good service is the increased level of health, including reduced child mortality caused by diarrhea. Analysis of the quality of doctors in Indonesia needs to be done to improve the quality of health workers. Methods: This study was a quantitative study using secondary data analysis Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 2007 using cross-sectional design. IFLS 2007 data were collected from 13 provinces. Number of doctors as respondents were 786. Analysis of the quality of doctor was assessed from vignette questions on the health centers block and private practice block by scoring each question that can be answered. Data was analyzed by bivariate test with independen T test using STATA. Results: The average correct answer of doctor was 22.25 ± 7.9 out of 56 questions. Doctors who worked for 15 years and 2.18 points higher than who worked for 6-15 years. The quality of doctors who received diarrhea training were 2.18 points higher than those who did not. Doctors who worked in eastern Indonesia had an average quality of 3.42 points higher than who worked in Sumatra and 1.84 points higher than who worked in Java-Bali. The work place was not influenced on doctor quality. Conclusion: The quality of doctors in handling child diarrhea cases in Indonesia needs improvement. Doctors who have a working period of less than six years, attend diarrhea training and work in eastern Indonesia have a better quality than the other

The Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Immune Response of Obese Children With Family History of Atopy

Introduction: Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and disbalance between cytokine production of T helper1 and T helper2 cells.  Zinc plays role in balancing immune response, has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation activities; its deficiency also common in obesity.  The role of zinc supplementation in children with obesity with risk of atopy needs to be elucidated.Materials and Method: We performed randomized controlled trial double-blind to investigate the effect of daily 15 mg zinc supplementation for 6 weeks in children aged 13 to 14 years old with obese who has family history of atopy.  Subjects were divided into group of zinc supplementation and placebo, recruited from junior high schools from Semarang municipality, performed during periods from January to December 2013.  Plasma zinc concentration, leptin, immunoglobulin-E (Ig-E), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4) were measured, also body weight, height and ISAAC questionnaire to recruit subjects with family history of atopy.Result: There were 36 subjects.  The concentration of zinc serum, Ig-E, IFN-γ, and IL-4 of two groups before supplementation were not significantly different (p>0.05).  Zinc supplementation increase the mean level of zinc concentration on treatment group compare to placebo group (27.74+11.80 vs 3.47+2.55, p=0.000).  The concentration of Ig-E, IFN-γ and IL-4 serum were decreased at treatment group (15.5+20.46 vs 20.02+38.02, p=0.613), (1.82+3.59 vs 0.911+3.51, p=0.174), and (4.76+6.49 vs 2.44+4.41, p=0.085) respectively.  Conclusion: Zinc supplementation increased the level of zinc serum concentration of obese children and decreased the risk of atopy

PERBANDINGAN KUALITAS TENAGA KESEHATAN PADA PELAYANAN DIARE ANAK DI LAYANAN PRIMER (ANALISA DATA INDONESIAN FAMILY LIFE SURVEY (IFLS) 2007)

Latar Belakang: Diare merupakan salah satu penyakit yang berpengaruh terhadap kematian anak. Kualitas tenaga kesehatan yang baik dapat berpengaruh positif terhadap kualitas pelayanan. Pelayanan primer memiliki peranan yang penting untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan kualitas tenaga kesehatan (dokter, perawat dan bidan) pada pelayanan primer di Indonesia.Metode: Penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan analisis data sekunder Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 2007 dengan unit analisis tenaga kesehatan dan desain cross sectional. Data IFLS 2007 diambil dari 13 provinsi. Perbandingan kualitas tenaga kesehatan dinilai dari pertanyaan vignette meliputi anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik, pemeriksaan laboratorium dan terapi pada blok puskesmas dan fasilitas kesehatan praktek swasta. Kemudian di uji menggunakan one way-Annova dengan program Stata 12 dengan kemaknaan p 0.05).Simpulan : Dokter memiliki kualitas lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perawat dan bidan dalam kemampuan anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik – laboratorium dan kemampuan dalam menjawab seluruh pertanyaan. Kemampuan Dokter tidak berbeda dibandingkan bidan dalam memberikan terapi diare. Kata kunci: diare, perbandingan, kualitas tenaga kesehatan, IFL

PENGARUH LATIHAN SKIPPING TERHADAP TINGKAT KONSENTRASI MAHASISWA FK UNDIP

Latar Belakang: Skipping merupakan salah satu jenis dari olahraga aerobik. Melakukan aktivitas fisik seperti latihan skipping akan meningkatkan fungsi kognitif otak salah satunya fungsi atensi yang mengakibatkan peningkatan konsentrasi seseorang. Belum ada peneitian yang membahas tentang pengaruh latihan skipping terhadap tingkat konsentrasi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh latihan skipping terhadap tingkat konsentrasi mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro. Metode: Penelitian quasi eksperimental dengan metode pre-test dan post-test unequivalent group. Subjek penelitian adalah mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro (n=28) berusia 18-22 tahun yang dipilih secara purposive sampling menjadi kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol. Penelitian ini menggunakan DSST untuk pengambilan data tingkat konsentrasi pre-test dan post-test yang dilanjutkan analisis menggunakan uji t berpasangan, t tidak berpasangan, Wilcoxon dan Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Terdapat peningkatan tingkat konsentrasi setelah perlakuan latihan skipping rutin selama 6 minggu. Pada kelompok perlakuan didapatkan rerata 67,21 ± 7,85 menjadi 75,79 ± 8,59 pada post-test I dan 82,86 ± 9,96 pada postest II. Kesimpulan: Latihan skipping dapat meningkatkan nilai tingkat konsentrasi mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro. Kata kunci: DSST, Skipping, Konsentras

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PERSEPSI DAN KESIAPAN DOSEN FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO TERHADAP INTERPROFESSIONAL EDUCATION (IPE)

Latar belakang Kualitas pelayanan kesehatan sangat ditentukan oleh kemampuan berkolaborasi, kerjasama dan komunikasi antar profesi tenaga kesehatan yang dapat ditingkatkan melalui program Interprofessional Education (IPE). Persepsi dan kesiapan dosen pembimbing adalah bagian penting dalam pelaksanaan program IPE. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis gambaran persepsi dan kesiapan, faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan persepsi dan kesiapan, dan hubungan antara persepsi dan kesiapan dosen FK Undip terhadap IPE. Metode : Penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik total sampling pada dosen Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro yang telah bertugas sebagai dosen pembimbing lapangan (DPL) IPE tahun 2018. Responden terdiri dari 14 dosen Kedokteran, 10 dosen Ilmu Keperawatan, dan 11 dosen Ilmu Gizi. Data diambil menggunakan kuesioner Interprofessional Education Perceptions Scale (IEPS) untuk menilai persepsi dosen terhadap IPE dan Readiness Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) dimodifikasi untuk menilai kesiapan dosen terhadap IPE. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji korelasi Pearson untuk menguji hubungan persepsi dan kesiapan dosen terhadap IPE. Hasil : Mayoritas dosen FK Undip memiliki persepsi (68.6%) dan kesiapan (82,9 %) dalam kategori baik terhadap IPE. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p = 0,005) kesiapan dosen terhadap IPE berdasarkan karakteristik jurusan. Terdapat hubungan positif yang sedang (p = 0,000 ; r = 0.570) antara persepsi dan kesiapan dosen FK Undip terhadap IPE. Simpulan : Terdapat faktor yang berhubungan dengan kesiapan dosen terhadap IPE. Persepsi dosen terhadap IPE berhubungan dengan kesiapan dosen terhadap IPE. Kata kunci : IPE, Persepsi, Kesiapan

The Effect of Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Spatial Memory Function, Malondialdehyde and TNF-α Level in D-Galactose-Induced BALB/C Mice

Introduction : Neuroinflammatory process and oxidative stress play an important role in the mechanism of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. This study aims to prove the effect of green tea EGCG on spatial memory function, malondialdehyde (MDA), and TNF-α level in Balb/c mice induced by D-galactose. Method : An experimental study using ”post test only control group design”. The samples were 18 male Balb/c mices, aged 6-8 weeks, divided into 3 groups. Negative control group (N-C) was induced by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose (150 mg/kg) once daily for 6 weeks. EGCG-2 and EGCG-6 were induced by D-galactose and orally administered by 2 and 6 mg/kg EGCG once daily for 5 weeks. The indicator of examination were spatial memory function using morris water maze, MDA and TNF-α level using Elisa. One-way Anova, Kruskal-Wallis, and Pearson were used for statistical analysis. Results : Means of % escape latency time and path length in the EGCG-2 {42,02(SD=5,9);43,47(SD=5,97)%} and EGCG-6 {40,45(SD=6,5); 41,78(SD=6,77)%} were significantly higher than N-C {28,68(SD=9,15), p=0,013; 32,98(SD=7,75)%,p=0,04}. MDA level in the EGCG-2 {587,79(SD=76,04)ng/ml} was significantly smaller than N-C {722,64(SD=134,78)ng/ml,p=0,037}. TNF-α level in all groups was not different (p=0,786). There was a significant and strong correlation between MDA level and spatial memory function (r=-0.551; p=0,018). Conclusion : EGCG may improve spatial memory function and oxidative stress in mice induced dementia, but it may not improve the status of neuroinflammation

EFEK PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK DAUN Carica pubescens TERHADAP JUMLAH LEUKOSIT TIKUS Sprague Dawley YANG DIINDUKSI Azoxymethane

Latar belakang: Inflamasi adalah salah satu faktor penyebab terjadinya kanker kolorektal. Flavonoid adalah suatu senyawa yang terkandung dalam daun Carica pubescens diyakini memiliki efek antiinflamasi. Tujuan: mengetahui efek pemberian ekstrak daun Carica pubescens terhadap jumlah leukosit pada tikus Sprague dawley yang diinduksi azoxymethane. Metode: jenis penelitian ini adalah post test only control group design dengan sampel terdiri dari 25 tikus Sprague dawley yang dibagi dalam 5 kelompok yaitu K1 diberi injeksi NaCl 0,9% seminggu sekali selama dua minggu, K2 diberi injeksi azoxymethane seminggu sekali selama dua minggu. P1, P2 dan P3 yang diberi injeksi azoxymethane seminggu sekali dalam dua minggu dan diberi ekstrak daun Carica pubescens dengan dosis 100 mg/KgBB, 200 mg/KgBB dan 400 mg/KgBB. Jumlah leukosit dihitung dengan alat hematology analyzer Sysmex KX-21 yang dinyatakan dalam sel/μL. Data dianalisis dengan One way Anova dan uji Post Hoc. Hasil: rerata jumlah leukosit kelompok K2 (7000 ± 2065,2 μL) lebih tinggi signifikan dibanding K1(4830 ± 449,4 μL, p=0,002) dan P1 (4380 ± 715,5 μL, p=0,002). Rerata kelompok K2 (7000 ± 2065,2 μL) lebih tinggi namun tidak berbeda signifikan dengan kelompok P2 (6820 ± 1030,5 μL, p=0,807) dan P3 (6020 ± 759,6 μL, p=0,193). Kesimpulan: ekstrak daun Carica pubescens menurunkan jumlah leukosit. Kata Kunci: Carica pubescens, leukosit, kanker kolorektal

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ANALYSIS IN MAMBAK VILLAGE, PAKIS ADJI SUB DISTRICT, JEPARA REGENCY

Occupational health problems are still high in Indonesia. Mambak village located in Jepara Regency is an industrial area, with most of its people working as factory workers. This study aims to see the condition of occupational health in the village of Mambak, Sub District Pakis Adji, Jepara Regency. This was a descriptive research with cross sectional study design. Data collection was obtained by survey to work places in Mambak village. Research sample was taken by total sampling method. The research questionnaire used a control sheet from Puskesmas Pakis Adji, Regency of Jepara. There were 48 workplaces located in Mambak village, 60.4% of the largest businesses are furniture. workplaces with noise hazards were 87,5% and 100% without noise control. About 45.83% had no first aid infrastructure, all workers did not use a complete Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), Ear cover, clothes, and shoeswere not used. Occupational risk factors was 100%, work-related diseases was 68.75% due to eye irritation and wound. Handling first aid work accident by giving red medication and in rinse water were 50%. Occupational disease in Mambak Village is still high. Work environments are not appropriate and occupational risk factors are still high. Prevention and treatment of occupational health in Mambak village is not compatible.  Keywords: Occupational health, Occupational disease, work related disease, Personal Protective Equipmen