Stratégies d’adaptation des paysans face aux changements climatiques dans la commune rurale de Koula, Mali

This study focuses on farmers' adaptation strategies in the face of climate change in the rural commune of Koula, cercle de Tominian. The main economic activities in the rural commune of Koula are agriculture, livestock breeding, fishing and gathering, all of which are strongly threatened by climate change and, by extension, food security. Faced with this situation, farmers and agro-pastoralists are developing strategies that are mostly endogenous techniques. The aim of this study is therefore to identify farmers' adaptation strategies in the face of the adverse effects of climate change on agricultural activities in the rural commune of Koula. To achieve our objectives, we carried out a questionnaire survey of the commune's farmers and interview guides for resource persons. Multi-stage simple random sampling was adapted. The sample size was 160 farmers, and the qualitative survey involved 12 people. The results of this study showed that, in the face of climate change, the populations of the rural commune of Koula have developed adaptation strategies, including sowing new adapted varieties, listening to meteorological information in order to plan field activities, spreading organic fertilizers in the fields on the eve of the rainy season, practicing income-generating activities and receiving financial and material aid from local NGOs and projects during the lean periods.Cette étude porte sur les stratégies d’adaptions des paysans face aux changements climatiques dans la commune rurale de Koula, cercle de Tominian, région de Ségou au Mali. Les principales activités économiques de la commune rurale de Koula sont: l’agriculture, l’élevage, la pêche et la cueillette, ces activités sont toutes fortement menacées par les changements climatiques et par ricochet la sécurité alimentaire. Face à cette situation, les agriculteurs et agro-pasteurs développent des stratégies qui sont la plupart des techniques endogènes. Alors cette étude vise à identifier les stratégies d’adaptation des paysans face aux effets néfastes de phénomène sur les activités agricoles dans la commune rurale de Koula. Pour l’atteinte des objectifs fixés nous avons mené une enquête par questionnaire auprès des paysans de la commune et des guides d’entretiens adressés aux personnes ressources. L’échantillonnage aléatoire simple aux plusieurs degrés a été adapté. La taille d’échantillon s’élève à 160 paysans producteurs et l’enquête qualitative a concerné 12 personnes. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que les populations de la commune rurale de Koula, face aux  changements climatiques sont développés  des stratégies d’adaptation , entre autres  : le semis des nouvelles variétés adaptées, l’écoute des informations météorologiques afin de planifier les activités champêtres , épandage  des engrais organiques dans les champs à la veille de l’hivernage, la pratique des  activités génératrices des revenus et  les aides financières et matérielles sont accordés par les ONG et les projets locaux pendant les périodes de soudure

Stratégies d’adaptation des paysans face aux changements climatiques dans la commune rurale de Koula, Mali

This study focuses on farmers' adaptation strategies in the face of climate change in the rural commune of Koula, cercle de Tominian. The main economic activities in the rural commune of Koula are agriculture, livestock breeding, fishing and gathering, all of which are strongly threatened by climate change and, by extension, food security. Faced with this situation, farmers and agro-pastoralists are developing strategies that are mostly endogenous techniques. The aim of this study is therefore to identify farmers' adaptation strategies in the face of the adverse effects of climate change on agricultural activities in the rural commune of Koula. To achieve our objectives, we carried out a questionnaire survey of the commune's farmers and interview guides for resource persons. Multi-stage simple random sampling was adapted. The sample size was 160 farmers, and the qualitative survey involved 12 people. The results of this study showed that, in the face of climate change, the populations of the rural commune of Koula have developed adaptation strategies, including sowing new adapted varieties, listening to meteorological information in order to plan field activities, spreading organic fertilizers in the fields on the eve of the rainy season, practicing income-generating activities and receiving financial and material aid from local NGOs and projects during the lean periods.Cette étude porte sur les stratégies d’adaptions des paysans face aux changements climatiques dans la commune rurale de Koula, cercle de Tominian, région de Ségou au Mali. Les principales activités économiques de la commune rurale de Koula sont: l’agriculture, l’élevage, la pêche et la cueillette, ces activités sont toutes fortement menacées par les changements climatiques et par ricochet la sécurité alimentaire. Face à cette situation, les agriculteurs et agro-pasteurs développent des stratégies qui sont la plupart des techniques endogènes. Alors cette étude vise à identifier les stratégies d’adaptation des paysans face aux effets néfastes de phénomène sur les activités agricoles dans la commune rurale de Koula. Pour l’atteinte des objectifs fixés nous avons mené une enquête par questionnaire auprès des paysans de la commune et des guides d’entretiens adressés aux personnes ressources. L’échantillonnage aléatoire simple aux plusieurs degrés a été adapté. La taille d’échantillon s’élève à 160 paysans producteurs et l’enquête qualitative a concerné 12 personnes. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que les populations de la commune rurale de Koula, face aux  changements climatiques sont développés  des stratégies d’adaptation , entre autres  : le semis des nouvelles variétés adaptées, l’écoute des informations météorologiques afin de planifier les activités champêtres , épandage  des engrais organiques dans les champs à la veille de l’hivernage, la pratique des  activités génératrices des revenus et  les aides financières et matérielles sont accordés par les ONG et les projets locaux pendant les périodes de soudure

A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin to reduce mortality and improve growth in high-risk young children with non-bloody diarrhoea in low resource settings: the Antibiotics for Children with Diarrhoea (ABCD) trial protocol

Background Acute diarrhoea is a common cause of illness and death among children in low- to middle-income settings. World Health Organization guidelines for the clinical management of acute watery diarrhoea in children focus on oral rehydration, supplemental zinc and feeding advice. Routine use of antibiotics is not recommended except when diarrhoea is bloody or cholera is suspected. Young children who are undernourished or have a dehydrating diarrhoea are more susceptible to death at 90 days after onset of diarrhoea. Given the mortality risk associated with diarrhoea in children with malnutrition or dehydrating diarrhoea, expanding the use of antibiotics for this subset of children could be an important intervention to reduce diarrhoea-associated mortality and morbidity. We designed the Antibiotics for Childhood Diarrhoea (ABCD) trial to test this intervention. Methods ABCD is a double-blind, randomised trial recruiting 11,500 children aged 2–23 months presenting with acute non-bloody diarrhoea who are dehydrated and/or undernourished (i.e. have a high risk for mortality). Enrolled children in Bangladesh, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Pakistan and Tanzania are randomised (1:1) to oral azithromycin 10 mg/kg or placebo once daily for 3 days and followed-up for 180 days. Primary efficacy endpoints are all-cause mortality during the 180 days post-enrolment and change in linear growth 90 days post-enrolment. Discussion Expanding the treatment of acute watery diarrhoea in high-risk children to include an antibiotic may offer an opportunity to reduce deaths. These benefits may result from direct antimicrobial effects on pathogens or other incompletely understood mechanisms including improved nutrition, alterations in immune responsiveness or improved enteric function. The expansion of indications for antibiotic use raises concerns about the emergence of antimicrobial resistance both within treated children and the communities in which they live. ABCD will monitor antimicrobial resistance. The ABCD trial has important policy implications. If the trial shows significant benefits of azithromycin use, this may provide evidence to support reconsideration of antibiotic indications in the present World Health Organization diarrhoea management guidelines. Conversely, if there is no evidence of benefit, these results will support the current avoidance of antibiotics except in dysentery or cholera, thereby avoiding inappropriate use of antibiotics and reaffirming the current guidelines. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03130114. Registered on April 26 2017

Stock identification: advancing in the knowledge of stock structure as a requirement for stock assessment

DEMERSTEM- Objectives of WP 1: -Improve the knowledge on the selected demersal stocks with a particular effort to solve the problems of stock identification and improvement of the quality of the data used for the assessment. -This follows the recommendations regularly made by CECAF.Peer reviewe

Effect of 3 Days of Oral Azithromycin on Young Children With Acute Diarrhea in Low-Resource Settings A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance: World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines do not recommend routine antibiotic use for children with acute watery diarrhea. However, recent studies suggest that a significant proportion of such episodes have a bacterial cause and are associated with mortality and growth impairment, especially among children at high risk of diarrhea-associated mortality. Expanding antibiotic use among dehydrated or undernourished children may reduce diarrhea-associated mortality and improve growth. Objective: To determine whether the addition of azithromycin to standard case management of acute nonbloody watery diarrhea for children aged 2 to 23 months who are dehydrated or undernourished could reduce mortality and improve linear growth. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Antibiotics for Children with Diarrhea (ABCD) trial was a multicountry, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial among 8266 high-risk children aged 2 to 23 months presenting with acute nonbloody diarrhea. Participants were recruited between July 1, 2017, and July 10, 2019, from 36 outpatient hospital departments or community health centers in a mixture of urban and rural settings in Bangladesh, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Pakistan, and Tanzania. Each participant was followed up for 180 days. Primary analysis included all randomized participants by intention to treat. Interventions: Enrolled children were randomly assigned to receive either oral azithromycin, 10 mg/kg, or placebo once daily for 3 days in addition to standard WHO case management protocols for the management of acute watery diarrhea. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcomes included all-cause mortality up to 180 days after enrollment and linear growth faltering 90 days after enrollment. Results: A total of 8266 children (4463 boys [54.0%]; mean [SD] age, 11.6 [5.3] months) were randomized. A total of 20 of 4133 children in the azithromycin group (0.5%) and 28 of 4135 children in the placebo group (0.7%) died (relative risk, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.40-1.27). The mean (SD) change in length-for-age z scores 90 days after enrollment was -0.16 (0.59) in the azithromycin group and -0.19 (0.60) in the placebo group (risk difference, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.06). Overall mortality was much lower than anticipated, and the trial was stopped for futility at the prespecified interim analysis. Conclusions and Relevance: The study did not detect a survival benefit for children from the addition of azithromycin to standard WHO case management of acute watery diarrhea in low-resource settings. There was a small reduction in linear growth faltering in the azithromycin group, although the magnitude of this effect was not likely to be clinically significant. In low-resource settings, expansion of antibiotic use is not warranted. Adherence to current WHO case management protocols for watery diarrhea remains appropriate and should be encouraged. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03130114.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Population dynamics of 15 fish species in Grand-Lahou lagoon (West Africa, Côte d'Ivoire) | IJB 2022

This study described growth, mortality, recruitment patterns and exploitation rates of 15 fish species in Grand-Lahou lagoon (Côte d’Ivoire). Monthly length-frequency data collected from artisanal fisheries from November 2013 to October 2014 were analyzed with FiSAT software using the ELEFAN package to estimate the population parameters of fishes. Asymptotic values for total length (L∞) ranged from 15.75 cm for Synodontis schall to 59.80 cm for Trachinotus teraia. Growth rate (k) varied from 0.19 for Coptodon guineensis to 0.98 for Caranx hippos. The growth performance index estimates were close to the values found by other authors for most of the fish species. The total mortality (Z) high values were recorded for Synodontis schall (Z= 4.15 year-1; M = 2.50 year-1) Schilbe mandibularis (Z= 2.19 year-1; M=1.33 year-1). Fishing mortality (F) and exploitation rate (E) were found to be less than the optimum levels of exploitation for most fish species. The exploitation rate (E) was higher than the maximum sustainable yield (Emax) for Caranx hippos and higher than E0.5 for Eucinostomus melanopterus, Elops lacerta and Synodontis schall. Recruitment was noted as year-round and bimodal for most studied populations. These results demonstrate that some fish stocks necessitate effective management measures particularly C. hippos, E. melanopterus, E. lacerta and S. schall. Published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJ