8 research outputs found

    Nukleus Akumbens Bölgesine Uygulanan Topiramatın Morfin Yoksunluk Sendromuna Etkileri

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    Aim: Nucleus accumbens, one of the nuclei of the basal ganglia, and dopamine, the neurotransmitter play a critical role in opioiddependence and withdrawal. In opioid withdrawal, the importance of neurotransmitters such as glutamate and gamma aminobutyric acid(GABA), as well as dopamine, is known. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of local injections of topiramate, anantiepileptic agent affecting GABAergic and glutamatergic pathways, into the nucleus accumbens on withdrawal signs and locomotoractivity during naloxone-induced withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats.Materials and Methods: Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided in topiramate treatment and control groups. All animalsreceived morphine pellets and guide cannulas were placed bilaterally in the nucleus accumbens regions by stereotaxic surgery. On thelast day of the experiment, following the bilateral topiramate or saline (control group) microinjections, morphine withdrawal was triggeredby naloxone.Results: Topiramate microinjections into the nucleus accumbens region significantly suppressed the signs of naloxone-inducedmorphine withdrawal such as number of jumpings and weight loss. No significant difference was observed in wet dog shakes, one of thewithdrawal signs, after local topiramate treatment. Although topiramate microinjections increased stereotypical activity it did not changelocomotor activity behavior such as vertical and ambulatory activity, and total covered distance.Conclusion: These findings show that local microinjection of topiramate into the nucleus accumbens is effective in preventing opioiddeprivation symptoms without significant effect on locomotor activity.Amaç: Bazal gangliyon çekirdeklerinden biri olan nukleus akumbens ve nörotransmitter olan dopamin opioid bağımlılığı ve yoksunluğunda kritik rol oynamaktadır. Opioid yoksunluğunda dopaminin yanı sıra glutamat ve GABA gibi nörotransmitterlerin de önemi bilinmektedir. Biz bu çalışmada morfin bağımlılığı oluşturulan hayvanlarda GABAerjik ve glutamaterjik yolakları etkileyen antiepileptik ajan olan topiramatın nukleus akumbens bölgesine lokal uygulamasının naloksonla tetiklenen yoksunluk sendromunda yoksunluk bulguları ve lokomotor aktivite üzerine etkilerini araştırmayı amaçladık. Materyal ve Metot: Yirmi adet erkek Sprague-Dawley sıçanları topiramat tedavi grubu ve kontrol grubu olarak ikiye ayrıldı. Hayvanların hepsine morfin peletleri uygulandı, stereotaksik cerrahi işlemle nukleus akumbens bölgelerine kılavuz kanüller bilaretal yerleştirildi. Deneyin son gününde bilateral topiramat veya serum fizyolojik (kontrol grubu) mikroenjeksiyonlarını takiben nalokson uygulanarak morfin yoksunluğu tetiklendi. Bulgular: Nukleus akumbens bölgesine lokal uygulanan topiramat naloksonla tetiklenen morfin yoksunluk bulgularından sıçrama sayısını ve ağırlık kaybını anlamlı düzeyde baskıladı. Lokal topiramat uygulaması yoksunluk bulgularından ıslak köpek silkinmesinde ise anlamlı değişiklik yapmadı. Topiramat mikroenjeksiyonları stereotipik hareketleri artırdığı halde vertikal hareketler, ambulatuvar hareketler ve toplam kat edilen mesafe gibi lokomotor aktivite davranışlarını değiştirmedi. Sonuç: Bu bulgular antikonvülzan ilaç olan topiramatın nukleus akumbens bölgesine lokal uygulanmasının lokomotor aktivitede anlamlı baskılanma yapmadan opioid yoksunluk belirtilerinin önlenmesinde etkili olduğunu göstermektedir

    The Effects of Topiramate Applied to the Nucleus Accumbens Region on Morphine Withdrawal Syndrome

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    Aim:Nucleus accumbens, one of the nuclei of the basal ganglia, and dopamine, the neurotransmitter play a critical role in opioid dependence and withdrawal. In opioid withdrawal, the importance of neurotransmitters such as glutamate and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), as well as dopamine, is known. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of local injections of topiramate, an antiepileptic agent affecting GABAergic and glutamatergic pathways, into the nucleus accumbens on withdrawal signs and locomotor activity during naloxone-induced withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats.Materials and Methods:Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided in topiramate treatment and control groups. All animals received morphine pellets and guide cannulas were placed bilaterally in the nucleus accumbens regions by stereotaxic surgery. On the last day of the experiment, following the bilateral topiramate or saline (control group) microinjections, morphine withdrawal was triggered by naloxone.Results:Topiramate microinjections into the nucleus accumbens region significantly suppressed the signs of naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal such as number of jumpings and weight loss. No significant difference was observed in wet dog shakes, one of the withdrawal signs, after local topiramate treatment. Although topiramate microinjections increased stereotypical activity it did not change locomotor activity behavior such as vertical and ambulatory activity, and total covered distance.Conclusion:These findings show that local microinjection of topiramate into the nucleus accumbens is effective in preventing opioid deprivation symptoms without significant effect on locomotor activity

    Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

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    Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

    Çinko oksit nanopartikülünün (ZnO NP) Pistia stratiotes l. (su marulu) tarafindan akümülasyon yeteneğinin belirlenmesi ve nanopartikülün toksik etkisinin incelenmesi

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    Bu çalışmada, ZnO (Çinko oksit) nanopartiküllerince (NP) kirletilmiş ortamları temizleyebilmesi için Pistia stratiotes L. bitkisinin akümülasyon yeteneğinden yararlanılmıştır. Farklı ZnO NP (70nm) (1-5-10-20-100-250-500mgl-1) konsantrasyonlarında, bitkinin büyüme oranı (RGR), klorofil a, klorofil b, toplam karotenoid miktarı ve bitkide akümüle edilen Zn miktarı ICP-MS cihazı kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. ZnO NP’nin bitki büyüme oranı üzerine etkisi 20 mg L-1’lik konsantrasyondan sonra negatif yönde gözlenmiştir. Artan ZnO NP konsantrasyonlarına bağlı olarak fotosentetik pigment miktarları, kontrol grubuna göre değişik oranlarda azalma göstermiştir. Farklı konsantrasyon değerlerine bağlı olarak akümülasyon miktarlarınin birbirinden farklılık gösterdiği, en yüksek Zn akümülasyonu ise 500 mg L-1’lük konsantrasyonda 7494,99 μg g-1 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar nanopartiküllerin bitkilerce akümüle edilmesi konusuna ışık tutacak nitelikte olup, çalışma nanopartiküllerin toksisitesi konusunda yapılacak çalışmalara da örnek teşkil etmektedir

    Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of bioapplications of flower shaped hybrid copper (Cu) nanostructures with corn silk extract

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    Nanoteknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte nanoteknolojik ürünlerin de üretimi artmıştır. Buna bağlı olarak yeni ürünlerin temel fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerininde değişmesine olanak sağlanmıştır ve bu bağlamda çalışmalarda artmıştır. Oluşan bu nano boyuttaki parçacıklar günümüzde tıp, biyoloji, kimya, eczacılık, çevre bilimi, malzeme bilimi ve birçok disiplinde yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Günümüzde farklı morfolojilere sahip metal, metal alaşımı, seramik ve polimer esaslı veya bunların bir araya gelemsiyle istenilen özelliklere sahip mono veya komplex nanopartiküller sentezlenebilir. Nanopartikül sentezinin daha yeni ve daha düşük toksisitedeki metodların ortaya çıkması nedeniyle bu yeni yöntemler sıklıkla tercih edilir. En yeni metodlardan olan yeşil sentez adı ile bilenen biyolojik sentez yolu çeşitli organik yapıların (maya, mantar, bitki, meyve vb.) ekstraktları kullanılarak üretiminin hem daha hızlı hem de daha ekonomik olmasının yanı sıra toksisitesinin kimyasal ve fiziksel üretime göre daha az olması avantajı ile en sık kullanılan yöntemlerden biri olmuştur. Nanopartikül üretiminde organik- inorganik metal yapıları ile bir arada kullanılarak hibrit Nano çiçek yapıları oluşturulmaktadır. Nano çiçek yapıları birçok bilimsel alanda kullanılmaktadır. Farklı bitkilerin özleriyle sentezlenen Bakır oksit nano çiçek yapılarının katalitik aktivitelerinde artış ve çeşitli bakterilere karşı anti bakteriyel etkileri tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmalar öncülüğünde yapılacak olan tez çalışmasında yeşil sentez yöntemiyle mısır bitkisinin genellikle atık olarak kullanılan püskül kısmı kullanılarak bakır oksit nano çiçek yapıları sentezlenip bakır oksit nano çiçek yapılarının karakterizasyonu antimikrobiyal, antioksidan ve fotokatalitik aktiviteleri belirlenecektir. Sentezlenen nano çiçeğin ışık emme potansiyelini belirlemek için Ultraviyole- görünür spektrofotometre, etkin boyutunu ölçmek için Dinamik Işık Saçılımı, nano çiçek yapısına katılan fonksiyonel grupları belirlemek için Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopi (FT-IR) ve nano çiçeklerin morfolojik özelliklerini tespit etmek için Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu metotları kullanılacaktırWith the development of nanotechnology, the production of nanotechnological products has also increased. Accordingly, the basic physical and chemical properties of new products have been allowed to change, and in this context, studies have increased. These nano-sized particles are widely used in medicine, biology, chemistry, pharmacy, environmental science, materials science and many disciplines. Today, mono or complex nanoparticles with different morphologies can be synthesized based on metal, metal alloy, ceramic and polymer or by combining them with desired properties. These new methods are often preferred due to the emergence of newer and lower toxicity methods of nanoparticle synthesis. The biological synthesis method known as green synthesis, which is one of the newest methods, is produced by using extracts of various organic structures (yeast, fungus, plant, fruit, etc.) with the advantage of being both faster and more economical, as well as having less toxicity compared to chemical and physical production. It has been one of the most commonly used methods. Hybrid nano flower structures are formed by using organic-inorganic metal structures together in nanoparticle production. Nano flower structures are used in many scientific fields. An increase in the catalytic activities of copper oxide nano flower structures synthesized with extracts of different plants and antibacterial effects against various bacteria were determined. In the thesis, which will be carried out under the leadership of these studies, copper oxide nano flower structures will be synthesized using the green synthesis method using the tassel part of the corn plant, which is generally used as waste, and the antimicrobial, antioxidant and photocatalytic activities of the copper oxide nano flower structures will be determined. Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer to determine the light absorption potential of the synthesized nanoflower, Dynamic Light Scattering to measure its effective size, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) to determine the functional groups involved in the nanoflower structure, and Scanning Electron Microscopy to detect the morphological features of the nanoflowers. will be use
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