Agricultural production in six selected qasbas of eastern Rajasthan (c.1700-1780).

This study is an attempt to examine agrarian production in eighteenth century eastern Rajasthan at two levels. First, we attempt to establish the chronology of the trends in major indices of agricultural production using the annual revenue records of six representative qasbas or townships. The wealth of varied data available in the revenue and related records of the eighteenth century Jaipur state made it possible to estimate trends in the size of the agricultural product, the variations in cropping patterns and the secular movements of foodgrain prices. Second, a primary concern of the thesis has been to locate the secular trends in production within the context of the interaction between the state and the agrarian production system. A discussion of the environmental context of agriculture in the region leads to an analysis of the logic of the system of taxation that these realities predicated. The complexities of the functioning of the socio-economic system have been analysed by an examination of the mechanism of redistribution of the surplus, the marketing of foodgrains and the provision of rural credit that underpinned the agrarian production system. We argue that the policies of the state in these spheres were interlocked elements of a coherent agrarian policy that sought to actively promote private investment and raise productivity in agriculture. The effective implementation of the policy however was crucially dependent upon the ability of the state to maintain effective control over each element. The analysis of the changing interaction between the state and rural society in a phase of agrarian expansion and a period of recession provides a perspective on the nature of the linkage between political stability and agrarian production and the impetus towards institutional changes in the mechanism of revenue collection during the eighteenth century

Analysing Recent Socioeconomic Trends in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in England, 2000–2007: A Population Modelling Study

A modeling study conducted by Madhavi Bajekal and colleagues estimates the extent to which specific risk factors and changes in uptake of treatment contributed to the declines in coronary heart disease mortality in England between 2000 and 2007, across and within socioeconomic groups

Mind the Gap: A Study of Cause-Specific Mortality by Socioeconomic Circumstances

Socioeconomic groups may be exposed to varying levels of mortality; this is certainly the case in the United Kingdom, where the gaps in life expectancy, differentiated by socioeconomic circumstances, are widening. The reasons for such diverging trends are yet unclear, but a study of cause-specific mortality may provide rich insight into this phenomenon. Therefore, we investigate the relationship between socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality using a unique dataset obtained from the U.K. Office for National Statistics. We apply a multinomial logistic framework; the reason is twofold. First, covariates such as socioeconomic circumstances are readily incorporated, and, second, the framework is able to handle the intrinsic dependence amongst the competing causes. As a consequence of the dataset and modeling framework, we are able to investigate the impact of improvements in cause-specific mortality by socioeconomic circumstances. We assess the impact using (residual) life expectancy, a measure of aggregate mortality. Of main interest are the gaps in life expectancy among socioeconomic groups, the trends in these gaps over time, and the ability to identify the causes most influential in reducing these gaps. This analysis is performed through the investigation of different scenarios: first, by eliminating one cause of death at a time; second, by meeting a target set by the World Health Organization (WHO), called WHO 25 × 25; and third, by developing an optimal strategy to increase life expectancy and reduce inequalities

Az Év Hala, 2017: a harcsa

<p>Notes:</p><p>APC = annual percentage change (for each period segment).</p><p>AAPC = annual average percentage change (weighted average of annual percentage changes over all period segments).</p><p>‘*’ Indicates statistically significant change compared to no change (in AAPC) or relative to the previous segment (in APC).</p

Unequal trends in coronary heart disease mortality by socioeconomic circumstances, England 1982-2006: an analytical study.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a major public health burden, causing 80,000 deaths annually in England and Wales, with major inequalities. However, there are no recent analyses of age-specific socioeconomic trends in mortality. We analysed annual trends in inequalities in age-specific CHD mortality rates in small areas in England, grouped into deprivation quintiles

Persistent socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors in England over 1994-2008: a time-trend analysis of repeated cross-sectional data

Our aims were to determine the pace of change in cardiovascular risk factors by age, gender and socioeconomic groups from 1994 to 2008, and quantify the magnitude, direction and change in absolute and relative inequalities

Sub-national Variations in Health Expectancy

Regional and local variations within countries are, along with social class, education, gender and ethnicity variations, an important aspect of equity which health expectancy1 measures have been used to examine. While location variations are perhaps less immediate to an individual’s personal circumstances than the other socio-demographic factors, there are three reasons why they are important. First, health services delivery is essentially geographically determined, and must be administered locally. In countries where the management of health care is centralised, identifying health variations as a basis for regional and local resource allocation is a major policy issue. Second, the collection of evidence about health, such as mortality statistics, is invariably organised locally, so figures for local variations are often more readily available, more reliable, and more detailed, than those based on, for example, social class. Third, some social characteristics which are relevant to equity issues are themselves closely linked to locality: such as comparisons between urban and rural dwellers, the needs of deprived neighbourhoods. This chapter reviews a number of studies that have been concerned with the sub-national dimension in health expectancy variation