The impact of women's educational and economic resources on fertility. Spanish birth cohorts 1901-1950

In this chapter we portray the effects of female education and professional achievement on fertility decline in Spain over the period 1920-1980 (birth cohorts of 1900-1950). A longitudinal econometric approach is used to test the hypothesis that the effects of women’s education in the revaluing of their time had a very significant influence on fertility decline. Although in the historical context presented here improvements in schooling were on a modest scale, they were continuous (with the interruption of the Civil War) and had a significant impact in shaping a model of low fertility in Spain. We also stress the relevance of this result in a context such as the Spanish for which liberal values were absent, fertility control practices were forbidden, and labour force participation of women was politically and socially constrained.Fertility decline, human capital, intergenerational transfers of knowledge

Leaving home in Europe: the experience of cohorts born around 1960

In this paper we analyse the leaving home experience of men and women born around 1960 in 16 European countries. We use extensive empirical evidence from Fertility and Family Survey data, providing a large-scale comparison. We focus on some key indicators of the process of leaving home: the timing, sequencing and synchronisation of leaving home with the end of education and the formation of a first union. As far as these dimensions of leaving home are concerned, Europe appears to be extremely heterogeneous, and explaining this will undoubtedly be a challenge. The complex interplay between the present economic situation of young people and long-term institutional and cultural factors is thought to be the main driving factor. Our findings constitute a benchmark against which subsequent behaviour, such as that of cohorts coming of age after the fall of the Iron Curtain, could be compared. (AUTHORS)Europe

Political economy and life course patterns: the heterogeneity of occupational, family and household trajectories of young spaniards

We explore the strong linkages between macro changes and the dynamics of educational, occupational, family, and residential careers of young Spanish adults born between 1945 and 1974. We review theory and evidence on macro factors: changes in the welfare system, centrality of the family as a service provider, and the changing role of women. We outline some hypotheses of how life course trajectories, and their heterogeneity, change across cohorts. We build data on sequences of states using FFS. In our analysis, we find an increase in the discontinuity of careers and of the heterogeneity among cohort members, especially for employment. Women´s careers are becoming more similar to those of men. Family and household formation is postponed, with a limited spread of post-nuclear family forms.

Cohabitation, marriage, first birth: the interrelationship of family formation events in Spain

In this paper we investigate (1) the mutual causal relationship between first union formation and first childbirth, and (2) the existence of constant common determinants of these two events. It is argued that (unmeasured) common factors reflect differentials among the population in value orientations and in norms about the sequencing of events. We apply event history techniques to retrospective survey data for Spain, allowing for the correlation between unobserved heterogeneity components belonging to each process. Our findings confirm the strong interrelationship between union formation and first birth. After controlling for these common factors, we find that the risk of conception increases immediately at marriage, and it continues to be high during the following four years. Entry into cohabitation produces much smaller increases in the relative risk. The effect of the conception of the first child on union formation is especially strong during pregnancy, but declines sharply after delivery.

What drives Senegalese migration to Europe? The role of economic restructuring, labor demand, and the multiplier effect of networks

Background: International migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to Europe is poorly understood. Furthermore, existing studies pay insufficient attention to the links between the micro-level factors and political, social, and economic processes in both origin and destination areas. Here we integrate insights from institutional approaches in migration and development research with perspectives that highlight the role of labor market and social capital. Objective: We analyze the contextual and individual-level determinants of migration from Senegal to France, Italy, and Spain since the mid-1970s. We examine the following hypotheses: (1) In Senegal, the deterioration of living conditions and heightened economic insecurity have created the conditions for increasing out-migration propensities. (2) In Europe, labor market restructuring has increased job opportunities in particular places and job niches. (3) In facilitating access of Senegalese migrants to jobs in Europe, social networks have linked these two processes. (4) The conjunction of periods of strong labor demand and the availability of personal networks in Europe creates a boosting effect on the migration probabilities of the Senegalese to Europe. Methods: We use event history models to analyze life course data from the Migrations between Africa and Europe survey (2008). Results: Our empirical results concerning both individual socioeconomic indicators and contextual indicators provide consistent support for the four hypotheses proposed. Conclusions: The initiation and expansion of migration between Senegal and Europe stem from the simultaneous presence of several key factors at origin and destination, including processes of economic restructuring and the mutually reinforcing process of social capital formation and changing labor market conditions. These factors are historically contingent, but they may have a wider relevance in the explanation of migration from developing countries to developed countries

El efecto del empleo, el paro y los contratos temporales en la baja fecundidad española de los años 1990

España destaca en el contexto europeo tanto por sus bajos niveles de fecundidad como por sus altos niveles de paro e inestabilidad en el empleo. En este texto se investigan empíricamente los efectos de la participación laboral de las mujeres y de sus parejas sobre la fecundidad, y más específicamente el impacto de los contratos temporales y el desempleo. La perspectiva teórica utilizada se basa en el análisis de los cursos de vida individuales y subraya las influencias del contexto institucional y social. Se utiliza una muestra longitudinal del Panel de Hogares de las Comunidades Europeas, relativa a los años 1994-2001, y métodos de análisis de biografias. Los resultados indican un acusado impacto negativo de la inestabilidad en el empleo, que supone una posposición en el calendario de la fecundidad y una reducción de las tasas de fecundidad. Este efecto depresivo sobre la fecundidad es aún más intenso cuando los dos miembros de la pareja están en situación laboral precaria

Destination choices among Senegalese migrants in Europe. The role of labor market and immigration policies

Trabajo presentado en la European Population Conference, celebrada en Viena del 1 al 4 de septiembre de 2010.The main goal of this paper is to analyze the role of labor market and immigration policies in shaping migrants’ destination choices, after controlling for other determinants of migration at the individual and household level. We exploit the differences between France, Italy and Spain to examine whether: 1) The availability of employment opportunities has a positive effect on migration, 2) Migration rates decrease significantly when the destination countries adopt stricter immigration laws and/or border controls, and 3) The development of migrant communities and networks increase the likelihood of international movement We use life history data from the survey “Migrations between Africa and Europe” (MAFE-Senegal), as well as several contextual indicators for the destination countries studied. The destination choices are modeled using event history techniques (multinomial logistic regression). The preliminary results obtained provide support to the labor demand hypothesis for migrations to Spain, and less clearly to Italy, but not to France. Regularizations are related to an increase in migration in Spain, but not in France or Italy. Finally, we find a strong support for the role of network (and partner) in destination country.T he Migration between Africa and Europe (MAFE - Senegal) survey is a project coordinated by INED (France), in association with the Institut de Population, Développement et Santé de la Reproduction of the University of Dakar (IPDSR, Senegal).Peer reviewe

A reassessment of family reunification in Europe. The case of Senegalese couples

Contemporary policy makers in most European destination countriesexpress a great concern about reunification of migrants’ families. Newrestrictions multiply in almost all countries, on the grounds thatmigrants would take advantage of a too lax system and that it wouldfoster an influx of non-desirable migrants. So far, quantitative evidenceis scarce on migrants’ practices in matter of family reunification.Taking advantage of a unique longitudinal dataset that includesSenegalese individuals surveyed both at origin (in Senegal) and inEurope (France, Italy and Spain), we perform event-history analyses toshow three things. First, couple separation is very often a long lastingsituation. Second, when separated because of international migration,wives and husbands do not only reunify in Europe but quite commonlyin Senegal. And third, those who reunify in Europe are those who arethe most adapted or adaptable to the European culture and economy

Welfare regime patterns in the social class-fertility relationship: second births in Austria, France, Norway, and the United Kingdom

This paper develops a theoretical framework to analyze the relationship between social class and fertility. The framework borrows elements from social class analysis, institutional perspectives on the labor market and fertility, and welfare and gender regime theories. I hypothesize that individuals’ social class positions impinge on their economic security, employment–parenthood role compatibility, and gender relations, which are key variables in the explanation of fertility in contemporary postindustrial societies. Different combinations of these variables for each social class and country lead to class-specific fertility patterns. I use Austrian, French, Norwegian, and British samples from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, for the years 2004–2015, and discrete-time event–history analysis techniques to analyze second birth probabilities. A simultaneous equations approach is adopted to account for unobserved heterogeneity. The results document substantial differentials between social classes and distinct social class patterns for each country, consistently with the theoretical expectations. In Norway and France, overall high levels of second birth probabilities are found that follow a positive social ordering. In the United Kingdom and Austria, a U-shaped relationship between class and second birth probabilities prevails. Once unobserved heterogeneity is accounted for in the analyses, social class shows a positive effect on fertility in the four countries. The results show that social class is not only key to understanding intracountry differentials in fertility but is also useful for understanding the functioning of the welfare regime and its relationship to overall levels of fertility.This work was supported by the Spanish “State Research Agency-Agencia Estatal de Investigación” (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of the European Union, with grant no. CSO2016-80484-R