Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from three aromatic plants of the Zingiberaceae family in Malaysia

The essential oils of Boesenbergia rotunda (Temu Kunci), Curcuma mangga (Temu Pauh) and Kaempferia galanga (Cekur) were extracted using steam distillation, and the main constituents of the essential oils were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). More than 10 constituents were identified in each essential oil. The main compounds in B. rotunda were nerol (39.6%) and L-camphor (36.0%), whereas ethyl-(E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate (57.2%) and ethyl cinnamate (39.1%) were identified in K. galanga. C. mangga contained mainly L-beta-pinene (95.6%). Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. The most active essential oil for all selected Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) was B. rotunda (inhibition zone of 10.3–16.0 mm), followed by C. mangga (inhibition zone of 7.33–12.3 mm). The essential oil extracted from K. galanga exhibited no antibacterial activity against any of the bacteria tested. B. rotunda showed higher antibacterial activity than C. manga, with MIC values of 1.3 × 10–2 μl ml–1 (S. aureus), 2.6 × 10–2 μl ml–1 (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) and 0.66 × 10–2 μl ml–1 (B. cereus) compared to MIC values of 2.6 × 10–2 μl ml–1 (S. aureus and B. cereus) and 5.3 × 10–2 μl ml–1 (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) for C. mangga

The development of egg hatching and storage machines equipped with cooling and heating systems and iot

The development of egg hatching and storage machines equipped with cooling and heating systems and IoT was for helping chicken breeders to address the issue of chicken production shortages. To produce large numbers of poultry production, eggs hatching is one of the major step that needs to pay attention to. There are several reasons why egg hatching process fails, such as lack of care by hen, eaten by rooster, and unsuitable hatching environment and temperature. In addition, if the eggs are not incubated within 1 week, the eggs will be damaged having producing a hatching machine and egg storage can help the chicken breeders to produce a better amount of chicken production. Internet of Things (IoT) elements such as the Arduino and Blynk are also used to make this egg hatching and storage machine attractive and to meet the needs and requirements of users. The objectives of this study were to design, develop and evaluate the functionality of egg hatching and storage machines in combination with cooling and heating systems along with IoT. Methodology is a technique and method that incorporates methods and approaches used to achieve the objectives and objectives of the study. The model used is the ADDIE model which consists of 5 phases namely Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. This product has received expert confirmation in terms of design and functionality. The results show that the egg hatching and storage machine is well developed and can attract users when using this hatching and storage machine

Reka bentuk pasir pantai mesoliang bagi penyahoksigenan bermangkin minyak masak terpakai kepada bahan api keterbaharuan

Kajian ini memfokus kepada reka bentuk mangkin dwilogam NiCo tersokong atas permukaan pasir pantai terawat HCl (P-HCl) untuk tindak balas penyahoksigenan minyak masak terpakai bagi menghasilkan hidrokarbon cecair gasolin, diesel dan bahan api jet. Mangkin dwilogam berkandungan Ni (10 %bt.) dan Co (10 %bt.) disediakan melalui kaedah pengisitepuan bagi menghasilkan mangkin NiCo/P-HCl. Po, P-HCl dan NiCo/P-HCl telah dilakukan pencirian fizikal dan aktiviti pemangkinan telah diuji melalui tindak balas penyahoksigenan. Prestasi mangkin dinilai dari segi peratusan hasil tindak balas dan kepilihan mengikut julat karbon gasolin (C8-C11), diesel (C11-C17) dan bahan api jet (C8-C16). Perawatan HCl telah bertindak balas dengan logam oksida yang mempunyai keelektropositifan yang lebih tinggi (Al2O3 dan Fe2O3), seterusnya menyebabkan pengurangan komposisi logam oksida tersebut, masing-masing sebanyak 10.0% dan 12.5%. Pengurangan komposisi logam oksida telah mempengaruhi keporosan penyokong pasir yang telah dirawat. Setelah pemuatan logam Ni dan Co, mangkin berstruktur mesoliang (5.9 nm) terhasil dengan peningkatan luas permukaan (22.5 m2/g) dan isi padu liang (0.032 cm3/g). Mangkin NiCo/P-HCl telah berjaya menukarkan minyak masak terpakai kepada hidrokarbon cecair sebanyak 71%, mengikut keutamaan kepilihan produk iaitu bahan api jet (86%), diesel (83%) dan gasolin (17%). Penukaran minyak masak terpakai kepada produk bahan api keterbaharuan bakal memberikan nilai tambah dan menyokong kepada inisiatif teknologi hijau serta kitaran ekonomi yang mampan

Industrial communication networking: an ethernet based implementation

Recent advancements achieved in industrial communications and networking technology have made it possible to apply Ethernet-based communication networking system at all levels of industrial automation, especially at the controller level where the capacity to do data exchanges in real-time is mandatory. This paper describes the development of an industrial communications network based on the Ethernet protocol and its implementation in a Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) system. The application of Ethernet protocol in such a system is aimed at overcoming the difficulties experienced when trying to communicate in real-time using serial communication networks, such as when attempting to access and retrieve data from other stations. Other advantages of this approach include the relative ease of achieving system integration and the possibility of simple upgrading to include the management and enterprise levels in the industrial automation system pyramid. In this work, the Ethernet module is installed onto a supervisory PLC to integrate all the stations present in the existing CIM system found in our laboratory. The workability of this approach is analyzed and compared with the conventional serial communication network

An assessment of stingless beehive climate impact using multivariate recurrent neural networks

A healthy bee colony depends on various elements, including a stable habitat, a sufficient source of food, and favorable weather. This paper aims to assess the stingless beehive climate data and examine the precise short-term forecast model for hive weight output. The dataset was extracted from a single hive, for approximately 36-hours, at every seven seconds time stamp. The result represents the correlation analysis between all variables. The evaluation of root-mean-square error (RMSE), as well as the RMSE performance from various types of topologies, are tested on four different forecasting window sizes. The proposed forecast model considers seven of input vectors such as hive weight, an inside temperature, inside humidity, outside temperature, outside humidity, the dewpoint, and bee count. The various network architecture examined for minimal RMSE are long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent units (GRU). The LSTM1X50 topology was found to be the best fit while analyzing several forecasting windows sizes for the beehive weight forecast. The results obtained indicate a significant unusual symptom occurring in the stingless bee colonies, which allow beekeepers to make decisions with the main objective of improving the colony’s health and propagation

Prediction of maximum spreading time of water droplet during impact onto hot surface beyond the Leidenfrost temperature

When a water droplet impacts on a heated surface in the film boiling regime, it will spread, recede, and finally bounce off from the heated surface. These unique liquid-solid interactions only occur at high surface temperatures. Our main objective in this research is to measure the maximum spreading and residence time of the droplet and the findings were compared to theory. We focused our study in the film boiling regime. Brass material was selected as the test surface and was polished until it became a mirror polished surface. The temperature range for this experimental work was between 100 ◦C up to 420 ◦C. Degassed and distilled water was used as the test liquid. The high speed video camera recorded the images at the rate of 10,000 frames per second (fps). As a result, it was found that the experimental value of maximum spreading and esidence time agreed closely with the theoretical calculation. A new empirical formula that can be used to predict the maximum spreading time in the film boiling regime is also proposed

Study the Reaction Mechanism of The Production of Novel Biopolymer [Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)] from the Palm Oil Seed

Poly(3-hyroxybutyrate) (PHB), is a biodegradable plastic that recognized as a potential alternative to substitute conventional petrochemical-based plastic. This biodegradable plastic is derived from bacterial fermentation using various carbon sources. Since the cost of carbon substrates has been identified as the major constrain in PHB production, inexpensive and renewable carbon substrate were currently investigated as alternative to conventional sugar-based substrate. Palm oil, massive-readily edible plant oil, may be an alternative substrate to conventional carbon source for PHB production. PHB is synthesized by Alcaligenes eutrophus in a production medium containing palm oil. Highest cell-dry weight was obtained by A. eutrophus when 20 g/L of palm oil and 0.6 g/L of urea were used. Cell-dry weight increased when the addition of starter inoculum volume increased up to 10 mL. Highest cell-dry weight was obtained at 48 to 60 hour of incubation. In a cell growth kinetic study, the total cell-dry weight obtained in presence of 20 g/L palm oil was greater than 12g/L and 16 g/L. Bacteria fermentation in the presence of 0.6 g/L urea shows greater total cell-dry weight compared to fermentation system without any addition of urea. This study proved that palm oil is a feasible and excellence carbon substrate for PHB biosynthesis by A. eutrophus. In this study, the evaluation of optimum condition for PHB biosynthesis by bacterial fermentation was accomplished

Pembangunan modul pembelajaran Advance CAD in HVAC

Pelbagai kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran hari ini telah dibentuk untuk menghasilkan pendidikan yang lebih berkualiti dan berkesan. L. Roger (2001) menyatakan bahawa pelajar kurang berminat dengan pengajaran yang diajar oleh guru dengan menggunakan kaedah pengajaran konvensional dan guru harus melakukan perubahan yang lebih baik dalam proses pengajaran, bermotivasi serta meningkatkan pencapaian akademik pelajar. Penggunaan modul pembelajaran sebagai sumber rujukan dalam pelaksanaan proses pembelajaran adalah kaedah yang digunakan oleh pendidik pada masa kini. Ia akan meningkatkan keberkesanan penyampaian pengajaran di dalam kelas. Penggunaan modul sebagai bahan bantu mengajar (ABBM) dapat memberikan maklumat dengan lebih jelas dan sistematik kepada pelajar yang berkaitan dengan mata pelajaran yang diajar (Musa & Mohamad, 2013). Oleh itu, tujuan utama kajian ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk dan membangunkan modul Reka Bentuk Berbantu Komputer (CAD). Pembangunan modul ini adalah merujuk kepada Model Pembinaan Modul Sidek. Pemilihan model ini sesuai kerana elemennya tersusun dan teratur. Modul terakhir akan dinilai melalui pengesahan 3 pakar yang terdiri daripada pensyarah berpengalaman dalam bidang AutoCAD dan HVAC. Soal selidik yang digunakan merangkumi tiga aspek penting dalam menilai kualiti modul ini iaitu dari aspek inter-aktiviti modul

The effect of process parameters in extruding scaffold design using synthetic biomaterials

Open-source 3D printers have become a popular technology for inexpensively and rapidly fabricating threedimensional products, including those for medical use. We developed and tested a nozzle for extruding synthetic biomaterials for fabricating scaffold structures that can be used as a medium for cell growth in, for instance, orthopedic replacements. The nozzle was designed iteratively to optimise the die angle, nozzle diameter, and liquefier shape for extruding bioresorbable polymers, and a thermal insulator was installed to maintain consistent temperature in the liquefier chamber. We then fabricated a range of scaffold structure parts with varying percentages of infill material and infill patterns. Analysis of variance tests show that the percentage of infill is a dominant factor affecting the porosity as well as the mechanical properties of the samples. Samples with 10%–30% of infill with a combination of lined infill patterns exhibited 50%–70% porosity with 12–20 MPa compressive strengths. These specifications are well-suited for cell growth. To demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating structures with consistent porosity with open-source printers, a humerus bone was 3D printed using both Polylactic acid (PLA) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) filament, and the porosity was controllable. This study suggests that opensource 3D printers may be used for printing bone replacements in the near future

Pembanggunan Modul Mekanik Bendalir: bagi meningkatkan pemahaman pelajar FPTV

Modul ini dibangunkan untuk memudahkan dan meningkatkan pemahaman pelajar FPTV dalam BBM 30103 (Fluid Mechanics). Pembangunan Modul ini dibuat dengan menggunakan Model Pembangunan Modul Sidek (MPMS), di mana strategi dan media dipilih dengan teliti. Strategi untuk pendekatan gaya persembahan adalah menggunakan Flipbook dan video sebagai media utama untuk meningkatkan pemahaman pelajar. Pelajar boleh menggunakan modul secara bebas dengan memuat turun modul melalui pautan yang disediakan oleh pensyarah. Modul kemudian diuji oleh tiga pensyarah pakar dalam bidang mekanikal dan multimedia menggunakan borang soal selidik yang disahkan. Soal selidik merangkumi tiga aspek penting dari modul iaitu interaktiviti modul, kandungan modul, dan kesesuaian modul. Hasil tinjauan mendapati bahawa semua aspek yang diuji mempunyai peratusan skor yang memuaskan melebihi 80%. Modul mekanik bendalir ini boleh digunakan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman asas pelajar FPTV mengenai pengetahuan dan kaedah analisis mekanik bendalir serta membantu menyelesaikan masalah yang berkaitan dengan mekanik bendalir menggunakan pengetahuan dan kemahiran analisis