Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Biji Nyamplung dengan Sintesis Katalis Basa Na2SiO3/Fe3O4

Biodiesel is an alternative energy to replace fossil fuels. It can be synthesized by transesterification process of palm oils. Commonly the process of producing biodiesel was used NaOH or KOH as homogeneous catalyst which has the disadvantage because the formation of side products such as soaps and complexity of the separation of catalyst. This research aims to derive biodiesel from seed calophyllum inophyllum oil (CIO) through transesterification using heterogeneous base catalyst Na2SiO3/Fe3O4. Catalyst Na2SiO3/Fe3O4 was synthesized from fly ash palm oil, sodium hydroxide, and iron powder. Condition operation the transesterification are molar ratio of oil:methanol 1:9 and loading catalyst 3%-w with under stirring 300 rpm. The highest yield of biodiesel is 89,48% under the transesterification reaction temperature 60 oC, reaction time 2 hours. Density (40°C) of biodiesel is 862,56 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity (40°C) is 3,54 mm2/s, flash point is 140°C and acid value is 0,50 mg-KOH/g-biodiesel

COVID-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes from 49 Countries, with Data-Driven Recommendations

Romdhani M, Rae DE, Nedelec M, et al. COVID-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes from 49 Countries, with Data-Driven Recommendations. Sports Medicine . 2021.OBJECTIVE: In a convenience sample of athletes, we conducted a survey of COVID-19-mediated lockdown (termed 'lockdown' from this point forward) effects on: (i) circadian rhythms; (ii) sleep; (iii) eating; and (iv) training behaviors.; METHODS: In total, 3911 athletes [mean age: 25.1 (range 18-61) years, 1764 female (45%), 2427 team-sport (63%) and 1442 elite (37%) athletes] from 49 countries completed a multilingual cross-sectional survey including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index questionnaires, alongside bespoke questions about napping, training, and nutrition behaviors.; RESULTS: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (4.3±2.4 to 5.8±3.1) and Insomnia Severity Index (4.8±4.7 to 7.2±6.4) scores increased from pre- to during lockdown (p<0.001). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was predominantly influenced by sleep-onset latency (p<0.001;+29.8%), sleep efficiency (p<0.001;-21.1%), and total sleep time (p<0.001;-20.1%), whilst Insomnia Severity Index was affected by sleep-onset latency (p<0.001;+21.4%), bedtime (p<0.001;+9.4%), and eating after midnight (p<0.001;+9.1%). During lockdown, athletes reported fewer training sessions per week (-29.1%; d=0.99). Athletes went to bed (+75min; 5.4%; d=1.14) and woke up (+150min; 34.5%; d=1.71) later during lockdown with an increased total sleep time (+48min; 10.6%; d=0.83). Lockdown-mediated circadian disruption had more deleterious effects on the sleep quality of individual-sport athletes compared with team-sport athletes (p<0.001; d=0.41), elite compared with non-elite athletes (p=0.028; d=0.44) and older compared with younger (p=0.008; d=0.46) athletes.; CONCLUSIONS: These lockdown-induced behavioral changes reduced sleep quality and increased insomnia in athletes. Data-driven and evidence-based recommendations to counter these include, but are not limited to: (i) early outdoor training; (ii) regular meal scheduling (whilst avoiding meals prior to bedtime and caffeine in the evening) with appropriate composition; (iii) regular bedtimes and wake-up times; and (iv) avoidance of long and/or late naps. © 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Lockdown Duration and Training Intensity Affect Sleep Behavior in an International Sample of 1,454 Elite Athletes

Romdhani M, Fullagar HHK, Vitale JA, et al. Lockdown Duration and Training Intensity Affect Sleep Behavior in an International Sample of 1,454 Elite Athletes. Frontiers in Physiology. 2022;13: 904778.Objective:To investigate the effect of 1) lockdown duration and 2) training intensity on sleep quality and insomnia symptoms in elite athletes.Methods:1,454 elite athletes (24.1 ± 6.7 years; 42% female; 41% individual sports) from 40 countries answered a retrospective, cross-sectional, web-based questionnaire relating to their behavioral habits pre- and during- COVID-19 lockdown, including: 1) Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI); 2) Insomnia severity index (ISI); bespoke questions about 3) napping; and 4) training behaviors. The association between dependent (PSQI and ISI) and independent variables (sleep, napping and training behaviors) was determined with multiple regression and is reported as semi-partial correlation coefficient squared (in percentage).Results:15% of the sample spent &lt; 1 month, 27% spent 1–2 months and 58% spent &gt; 2 months in lockdown. 29% self-reported maintaining the same training intensity during-lockdown whilst 71% reduced training intensity. PSQI (4.1 ± 2.4 to 5.8 ± 3.1; mean difference (MD): 1.7; 95% confidence interval of the difference (95% CI): 1.6–1.9) and ISI (5.1 ± 4.7 to 7.7 ± 6.4; MD: 2.6; 95% CI: 2.3–2.9) scores were higher during-compared to pre-lockdown, associated (allp&lt; 0.001) with longer sleep onset latency (PSQI: 28%; ISI: 23%), later bedtime (PSQI: 13%; ISI: 14%) and later preferred time of day to train (PSQI: 9%; ISI: 5%) during-lockdown. Those who reduced training intensity during-lockdown showed higher PSQI (p&lt; 0.001; MD: 1.25; 95% CI: 0.87–1.63) and ISI (p&lt; 0.001; MD: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.72–3.27) scores compared to those who maintained training intensity. Although PSQI score was not affected by the lockdown duration, ISI score was higher in athletes who spent &gt; 2 months confined compared to those who spent &lt; 1 month (p&lt; 0.001; MD: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.26–2.3).Conclusion:Reducing training intensity during the COVID-19-induced lockdown was associated with lower sleep quality and higher insomnia severity in elite athletes. Lockdown duration had further disrupting effects on elite athletes’ sleep behavior. These findings could be of relevance in future lockdown or lockdown-like situations (e.g., prolonged illness, injury, and quarantine after international travel)