FAULT DETECTION AND CONTROLLING OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER USING ANN

Fault Detection and controlling is important in many industries to provide safe operation of a process. Heat Exchangers are generally used in process industries. Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger  is a common type of heat exchanger used in oil refineries, chemical processes .It is suited for higher-pressure applications. Actuator faults, sensor faults and process faults are the common faults occurring in chemical processes. To identify and remove these type of faults in the system fault detection and controlling techniques are proposed.  In this present work Sensor and Process faults of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger is detected and controlled using Artificial Neural Network(ANN).NARX network (Nonlinear Auto regressive with External input) is used as ANN network structure. Network is trained using Levenberg Marquardt and Bayesian Regularization algorithms. The performance parameters such as Mean Square Error, Integral Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) and Integral Square Error (ISE) are obtained for the above said methods which are shown in simulation results. Tabulated results shows the comparison between the three algorithms. Simulation results also shows the comparison between the controlled response obtained from ANN with and without PID Controller.Â

High Resolution Genotyping of Clinical Aspergillus flavus Isolates from India Using Microsatellites

Contains fulltext : 124312.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)BACKGROUND: Worldwide, Aspergillus flavus is the second leading cause of allergic, invasive and colonizing fungal diseases in humans. However, it is the most common species causing fungal rhinosinusitis and eye infections in tropical countries. Despite the growing challenges due to A. flavus, the molecular epidemiology of this fungus has not been well studied. We evaluated the use of microsatellites for high resolution genotyping of A. flavus from India and a possible connection between clinical presentation and genotype of the involved isolate. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A panel of nine microsatellite markers were selected from the genome of A. flavus NRRL 3357. These markers were used to type 162 clinical isolates of A. flavus. All nine markers proved to be polymorphic displaying up to 33 alleles per marker. Thirteen isolates proved to be a mixture of different genotypes. Among the 149 pure isolates, 124 different genotypes could be recognized. The discriminatory power (D) for the individual markers ranged from 0.657 to 0.954. The D value of the panel of nine markers combined was 0.997. The multiplex multicolor approach was instrumental in rapid typing of a large number of isolates. There was no correlation between genotype and the clinical presentation of the infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: There is a large genotypic diversity in clinical A. flavus isolates from India. The presence of more than one genotype in clinical samples illustrates the possibility that persons may be colonized by multiple genotypes and that any isolate from a clinical specimen is not necessarily the one actually causing infection. Microsatellites are excellent typing targets for discriminating between A. flavus isolates from various origins

Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: A greenhouse trial.

An in vitro study was undertaken to evaluate the compatibility of indigenous plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with commonly used inorganic and organic sources of fertilizers in tea plantations. The nitrogenous, phosphatic and potash fertilizers used for this study were urea, rock phosphate and muriate of potash, respectively. The organic sources of fertilizers neem cake, composted coir pith and vermicompost were also used. PGPRs such as nitrogen fixer; Azospirillum lipoferum, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB); Pseudomonas putida, Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria (KSB); Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas putida were used for compatibility study. Results were indicated that PGPRs preferred the coir pith and they proved their higher colony establishment in the formulation except Azospirillum spp. that preferred vermicompost for their establishment. The optimum dose of neem cake powder

EXPANSION OF α-OPEN SETS AND DECOMPOSITION OF α-CONTINUOUS MAPPINGS

We introduce the notions of expansion �α of α-open sets and �α-expansion α-continuous mappings in topological spaces. The main result of this paper is that a map f is α-continuous if and only if it is �α-expansion α-continuous and �α-expansion α-continuous, where �α, �α are two mutually dual expansions. 1

Nonlinear analysis of irregular temperature distribution in a heat exchanger using fractional derivative

A nonlinear system of fractional differential equations with variable specific heat was solved to investigate the heat transfer in a shell and tube heat exchanger. The fractional differential transform method (FDTM) is implemented to transform the governing nonlinear energy balance equations into recursive relations and algebraic expressions. Using inverse differential transform method, these recurrence equations are solved and the closed-form series solutions are obtained to predict the temperature distributions and the effect of variable-specific heat for different values of nonlinearity. The current results perfectly coincide with the solution obtained by the finite difference method. The irregular temperature distributions obtained for different values are statistically validated. The comparative study is carried out among the proposed FDTM, Fractional Generalized Homotopy Analysis Method and Homotopy Perturbation Method for the fractional system to strengthen the results. Using the reduced linear system of energy balance equations, the exit temperatures are predicted and the results are verified by the log mean temperature difference method. The obtained solutions reveal that with minimum computational effort FDTM can produce accurate results for nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations, that often arise in the heat transfer analysis in a heat exchanger equipment

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Not AvailableYellow leaf (YL) caused by Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) is a serious viral disease affecting production and productivity in many ruling sugarcane varieties in India. Usually the characteristic disease symptoms appear during maturity phases of the crop; also many of the infected varieties don’t exhibit disease symptoms and disease expression is influenced by virus titre and other factors including prevailing climate. The present study was taken up to quantify and compare SCYLV in meristem derived tissue culture raised in vitro plantlets and asymptomatic sugarcane plants in RT-qPCR by relative standard curve method. The standard curve was prepared with serial dilutions of plasmid standards from 3x107 to 3x103 copy numbers of virus target gene. In this assay, copy number of virus population in in vitro plantlets and asymptomatic plants was estimated from 20,314.58 to 4,330.87 and from 8.96 to 0.27 million copy of viruses, respectively. Relative expression level of the virus between in vitro plantlets and asymptomatic plants was in the ratio of 73.7:243393.1 based on 2^ (-(ΔΔCt)). The results clearly established that meristem derived tissue culture significantly reduced SCYLV population and it is concluded that the relative standard curve method efficiently detect the copy numbers of target virus in different sugarcane samples.Not Availabl

The emerging roles of nitric oxide (NO) in plant mitochondria

In recent years nitric oxide (NO) has been recognized as an important signal molecule in plants. Both, reductive and oxidative pathways and different subcellular compartments appear involved in NO production. The reductive pathway uses nitrite as substrate, which is exclusively generated by cytosolic nitrate reductase (NR) and can be converted to NO by the same enzyme. The mitochondrial electron transport chain is another site for nitrite to NO reduction, operating specifically when the normal electron acceptor, O2, is low or absent. Under these conditions, the mitochondrial NO production contributes to hypoxic survival by maintaining a minimal ATP formation. In contrast, excessive NO production and concomitant nitrosative stress may be prevented by the operation of NO-scavenging mechanisms in mitochondria and cytosol. During pathogen attacks, mitochondrial NO serves as a nitrosylating agent promoting cell death; whereas in symbiotic interactions as in root nodules, the turnover of mitochondrial NO helps in improving the energy status similarly as under hypoxia/anoxia. The contribution of NO turnover during pathogen defense, symbiosis and hypoxic stress is discussed in detail.This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (BA 1177/8-1) (KJG, HB), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 567) (WMK), King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (WMK) and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (AUI). Spanish MICIIN grant no. AGL2010-16167 (JFM), European Science Foundation (ESF) Functional Dynamics in Complex Chemical and Biological Systems visiting grant to KJG and JFM.Peer Reviewe