Gender, self, multiple identities, violence and magical interpretations in lovolo practices in Southern Mozambique

Includes bibliographical references (p. 237-273)

Barbaridades e violências

The author outlines her trajectory of intimate coexistence with the violence and the consequences inflicted on the mind and body of all the people who are involved in them. With examples from Mozambique, South Africa and Rwanda and violence linked to war, hunger, HIV / AIDS and gender, she articulates, through fragments of her experiences, the different layers and forms of violence that afflict the most unprotected. The approach of physical violence, structural violence, symbolic violence and its various combinations destroy human beings and, above all, those who have to live with the multiplicity of their forms. The proposal is to find ways to develop a new ethic of citizenship, empathy and solidarity that seeks to disarm these violences.A autora delineia a sua trajetória de convivência íntima com as violências e com as consequências infligidas na mente e no corpo de todas as pessoas que estão envolvidas nelas. Com exemplo de Moçambique, África do Sul e Ruanda e violências ligadas a guerra, a fome, ao HIV/AIDS e ao gênero ela articula, percorrendo fragmentos de suas experiências, as diferentes camadas e formas de violência que afligem os/as mais desemparados/as. A aproximação da violência física, da violência estrutural, da violência simbólica e das suas várias combinações destroem os seres humanas e, sobretudo, os/as que têm de conviver com a multiplicidade das suas formas. A proposta é de encontrar formas de desenvolver uma nova ética de cidadania, de empatia e solidariedade que procura desarmar estas violências

Characterising infant and young child feeding practices and the consumption of poultry products in rural Tanzania: A mixed methods approach

Suboptimal breastfeeding practices, early initiation of complementary feeding, and monotonous cereal‐based diets have been implicated as contributors to continuing high rates of child undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa. Nutrition‐sensitive interventions, including agricultural programs that increase access to nutrient‐rich vegetables, legumes, and animal‐source foods, have the potential to achieve sustainable improvements in children's diets. In the quest to evaluate the efficacy of such programs in improving growth and development in the first 2 years of life, there is a role for mixed methods research to better understand existing infant and young child feeding practices. This analysis forms part of a longitudinal study assessing the impact of improvements to poultry health and crop production on diets and growth of 503 randomly selected children from eight rural communities in Manyoni District in central Tanzania. Using an explanatory sequential design, the quantitative phase of data collection was conducted between May 2014 and May 2016, comprising six monthly structured questionnaires, four monthly household‐level documentation of chicken and egg consumption, and fortnightly records of children's breastfeeding status. The subsequent qualitative phase involved in‐depth interviews with a subset of 39 mothers in October 2016. Breastfeeding was almost universal (96.8%) and of long duration (mean = 21.7 months, SD = 3.6), but early initiation of complementary feeding was also common (74.4%; mean = 4.0 months, SD = 1.8), overwhelmingly driven by maternal perceptions of insufficient milk supply (95.0%). Chicken and eggs were infrequently eaten, but close associations between maternal and child consumption patterns (p < .001) suggest the potential for strategies that increase household‐level consumption to bring nutritional benefits to young children

Becoming and Being a Woman: Meanings and Values of Labial Elongation for Zambians in Cape Town

Zambian women might doubt whether to stop or preserve labial elongation, which is a female genital modification instructed to the girl child as the first rite of passage into womanhood. We conducted a grounded theory research among Zambian men and women who had immigrated to Cape Town. Twenty women and seventeen men participated. Beliefs and perceptions around womanhood, gender roles and pleasure place elongation as a practice that is highly valued by Zambians in South Africa. Interventions to promote and improve women’s sexual health -such as capacity building of healthcare professionals and design of information, education and communication materials- can be informed by framing and documenting the implications for the Zambian migrant women’s sexual and social wellbeing of this practice

Becoming and Being a Woman: Meanings and Values of Labial Elongation for Zambians in Cape Town

Zambian women might doubt whether to stop or preserve labial elongation, which is a female genital modification instructed to the girl child as the first rite of passage into womanhood. We conducted a grounded theory research among Zambian men and women who had immigrated to Cape Town. Twenty women and seventeen men participated. Beliefs and perceptions around womanhood, gender roles and pleasure place elongation as a practice that is highly valued by Zambians in South Africa. Interventions to promote and improve women’s sexual health -such as capacity building of healthcare professionals and design of information, education and communication materials- can be informed by framing and documenting the implications for the Zambian migrant women’s sexual and social wellbeing of this practice

Does village chicken-keeping contribute to young children’s diets and growth? A longitudinal observational study in rural Tanzania

There is substantial current interest in linkages between livestock-keeping and human nutrition in resource-poor settings. These may include benefits of improved diet quality, through animal-source food consumption and nutritious food purchases using livestock-derived income, and hazards of infectious disease or environmental enteric dysfunction associated with exposure to livestock feces. Particular concerns center on free-roaming chickens, given their proximity to children in rural settings, but findings to date have been inconclusive. This longitudinal study of 503 households with a child under 24 months at enrolment was conducted in villages of Manyoni District, Tanzania between May 2014, and May 2016. Questionnaires encompassed demographic characteristics, assets, livestock ownership, chicken housing practices, maternal education, water and sanitation, and dietary diversity. Twice-monthly household visits provided information on chicken numbers, breastfeeding and child diarrhea, and anthropometry was collected six-monthly. Multivariable mixed model analyses evaluated associations between demographic, socioeconomic and livestock-associated variables and (a) maternal and child diets, (b) children’s height-for-age and (c) children’s diarrhea frequency. Alongside modest contributions of chicken-keeping to some improved dietary outcomes, this study importantly (and of substantial practical significance if confirmed) found no indication of a heightened risk of stunting or greater frequency of diarrhea being associated with chicken-keeping or the practice of keeping chickens within human dwellings overnight

The chicken or the egg? Exploring bi-directional associations between Newcastle disease vaccination and village chicken flock size in rural Tanzania

Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease of poultry with global importance, responsible for the loss of a potential source of household nutrition and economic livelihood in many low-income food-deficit countries. Periodic outbreaks of this endemic disease result in high mortality amongst free-ranging chicken flocks and may serve as a disincentive for rural households to invest time or resources in poultry-keeping. Sustainable ND control can be achieved through vaccination using a thermotolerant vaccine administered via eyedrop by trained "community vaccinators". This article evaluates the uptake and outcomes of fee-for-service ND vaccination programs in eight rural villages in the semi-arid central zone of Tanzania. It represents part of an interdisciplinary program seeking to address chronic undernutrition in children through improvements to existing poultry and crop systems. Newcastle disease vaccination uptake was found to vary substantially across communities and seasons, with a significantly higher level of vaccination amongst households participating in a longitudinal study of children's growth compared with non-participating households (p = 0.009). Two multivariable model analyses were used to explore associations between vaccination and chicken numbers, allowing for clustered data and socioeconomic and cultural variation amongst the population. Results demonstrated that both (a) households that undertook ND vaccination had a significantly larger chicken flock size in the period between that vaccination campaign and the next compared with those that did not vaccinate (p = 0.018); and (b) households with larger chicken flocks at the time of vaccination were significantly more likely to participate in vaccination programs (p < 0.001). Additionally, households vaccinating in all three vaccination campaigns held over 12 months were identified to have significantly larger chicken flocks at the end of this period (p < 0.001). Opportunities to understand causality and complexity through quantitative analyses are limited, and there is a role for qualitative approaches to explore decisions made by poultry-keeping households and the motivations, challenges and priorities of community vaccinators. Evidence of a bi-directional relationship, however, whereby vaccination leads to greater chicken numbers, and larger flocks are more likely to be vaccinated, offers useful insights into the efficacy of fee-for-service animal health programs. This article concludes that attention should be focused on ways of supporting the participation of vulnerable households in ND vaccination campaigns, and encouraging regular vaccination throughout the year, as a pathway to strengthen food security, promote resilience and contribute to improved human nutrition

Gender equality, resilience to climate change, and the design of livestock projects for rural livelihoods

Currently, there is growing interest in how livestock projects can contribute to resilience to the effects of climate change. In this article we recommend a shift away from gross productivity to sustainability, via the use of thrifty local breeds, with an additional emphasis on improving survival of young animals. These animals, due to their local adaptations, are more likely to be resilient to climate change. There is a gender dimension to these proposals, since smaller animals and local breeds are more likely to be perceived by communities as suitable for husbandry by women. We recommend a re-orientation towards an explicit gender-equality focus for these projects

Lovolo e espíritos no sul de Moçambique

Em Moçambique, o lovolo constitui uma prática importante na sociedade urbana. Isso deve-se ao facto de o lovolo permitir estabelecer uma comunicação entre os vivos e os seus antepassados e a criação ou o restabelecimento da harmonia social. Ele inscreve o indivíduo numa rede de relações de parentesco e de aliança tanto com os vivos como com os mortos. O lovolo faz parte da identidade individual e colectiva, ligando seres humanos e mortos numa rede de interpretações do mundo e num conjunto de tradições em contínuo processo de transformação.<br>In Mozambique, the lobolo or bride-price is a significant practice in urban society. This is because the lobolo enables communication between living people and their ancestors, and helps to create or re-establish social harmony. It embeds the individual in a network of kinship and alliance relationships with both the living and the dead. The lobolo is a part of the individual and collective identity, tying the living and the dead together in a network of interpretations of the world and in a set of constantly changing traditions