Towards an Islamic Paradigm of the Information Society

The main purpose of this study was to understand how Muslim Communication Scholars think about the phenomenon of "information society". The study was carried out through three research questions: 1) What is the concept of information society from the perspective of Muslim Communication Scholars? 2) How could Muslim countries achieve that information society and through which process? 3) What are the similarities and differences between Muslim and Western scholars‘ opinions about the concept and process of information society? These questions aim to determine how Muslim Communication Scholars conceptualize the information society and what characteristics and components it must have to be suitable for Muslim countries. Due to the nature of the study, a qualitative research method was used by the researcher to investigate on how Muslim Communication Scholars think about the phenomenon of information society. Among the qualitative research methods, because of the nature of research problem, "grounded theory" was used in this study. Data was gathered from eleven Muslim Communication Scholars in the field of communication who had fulfilled the criteria of sampling procedure. Respondents were selected through "snowball and chain" strategy. The data collection method employed was mainly in-depth interview with the respondents. All interviews were taped recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed. In addition, document analysis was also carried out. The validity of study was ensured through identifying the research biases, triangulation, members‘ checks, and peer examination. The reliability was ensured through stating the researcher‘s position, triangulation and audit trail. The findings of this study yielded new characteristics, components and structure of Muslim Communication Scholars‘ perspective that are no similar to what so called "information society" in the West. Eleven major themes and several sub-themes emerged from this study in relation to Muslim Communication Scholars' conceptualizing of information society. Two themes were regarding question No.1 that are: 1) Strategy of Domination and 2) Building Islamic Civil Society. And also nine themes were found regarding question No.2, including: 1) Predominant of Knowledge, 2) Highly Educated, 3) Regulated Flow of Information, 4) Controlled Information and Communication, 5) Logical Freedom of Expression, 6) Participatory Political System, 7) Free Access to Right Information, 8) Bridged Digital Gap and 9) Maintaining Traditional Culture. According to the above themes, it was discovered that Muslim Communication Scholars conceptualize this phenomenon much different from their counterparts in the West. This study concludes that based on the findings, new model of society with different structures, components and characteristics are needed for contemporary Muslim countries. Therefore, based on their argument, the paradigm of "information society" should be changed to paradigm of "Islamic Civil Society" to be suitable for Muslims. However, as Islamic Civil Society is broader concept suggested by respondents of this study as an ideal society for contemporary Muslim countries, only its components related to the area of communication and information was discussed in this study. Specific implications and recommendation for future research are also suggested

Communication channels used by academic staff in interacting with their students

The aim of this paper is to report the findings on the impact of communication technology as a channel for interaction between academic staff and their students, conducted at a Malaysian higher learning institution. The study focused on media choice and it attempted to determine the communication channels mostly used by academic staff in interacting with their students and the reasons for selecting these channels. It also intended to find out whether there was a significant relationship between communication channels mostly used by academic staff and their perception of media richness. The results revealed that although the existence of new communication technologies such as the internet offers faster and cheaper facilities, face-to-face communication is still the most used and preferred communication channel by academic staff in interacting with their students. In addition, there was a significant relationship between the communication channel mostly used by respondents and their perception of media richness and social presence. This explained why the higher level of social presence, the higher the level of experience with a channel would be. The findings of this study extended two of the most widely investigated media choice theories; Media Richness Theory (MRT) and Social Presence Theory (SPT)

Risk factors for surgical site infection following cesarean delivery: A hospital-based case–control study

Introduction Cesarean section is the single most important risk factor for postpartum infection. Where the rest of the world shows increasing trends, the cesarean section rates are low in Norway and risk factors for infection after cesarean section may differ in high and low cesarean section settings. The goal of this study was to examine independent risk factors for surgical site infection after cesarean delivery in a setting of low cesarean section rates. Material and methods We conducted a hospital-based case-control study at Haukeland University Hospital. We included women who presented to our hospital with surgical site infection after cesarean section during the years 2014–2016 (n = 75). Controls were selected at a ratio of 2:1 (n = 148). Cases and controls were compared with respect to maternal and pregnancy characteristics using uni- and multivariable logistic regression models. Main outcome measures were anticipated risk factors for surgical site infection. Results The occurrence of surgical site infection was 0.4% and 5.4% after elective and emergency cesarean section, respectively. Compared to women without surgical site infection, women with surgical site infection were almost thrice more obese before pregnancy (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2–7.0), four times more likely to have preexisting psychiatric conditions (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.1–17.6), and five times more likely to receive blood transfusion (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.4–18.8). Signs of infection during labor was a marginally significant risk factor for surgical site infection (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0–5.4). Conclusions Emergency cesarean section was a significant risk factor for surgical site infection. Pregestational obesity, preexisting psychiatric conditions, and blood transfusion during or following delivery, were independent risk factors for surgical site infection. Signs of infection during labor was a marginally significant risk factor. Women with either of these risk factors should be carefully monitored and evaluated for signs of infection in the postpartum period.publishedVersio

Recurrence of postpartum hemorrhage, maternal and paternal contribution, and the effect of offspring birthweight and sex: a population-based cohort study

Purpose: This study examines individual aggregation of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), paternal contribution and how offspring birthweight and sex influence recurrence of PPH. Further, we wanted to estimate the proportion of PPH cases attributable to a history of PPH or current birthweight. Methods: We studied all singleton births in Norway from 1967 to 2017 using data from Norwegian medical and administrational registries. Subsequent births in the parents were linked. Multilevel logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for PPH defined as blood loss > 500 ml, blood loss > 1500 ml, or the need for blood transfusion in parous women. Main exposures were previous PPH, high birthweight, and fetal sex. We calculated adjusted population attributable fractions for previous PPH and current high birthweight. Results: Mothers with a history of PPH had three- and sixfold higher risks of PPH in their second and third deliveries, respectively (adjusted OR 2.9; 95% CI 2.9–3.0 and 6.0; 5.5–6.6). Severe PPH (> 1500 ml) had the highest risk of recurrence. The paternal contribution to recurrence of PPH in deliveries with two different mothers was weak, but significant. If the neonate was male, the risk of PPH was reduced. A history of PPH or birthweight ≥ 4000 g each accounted for 15% of the total number of PPH cases. Conclusion: A history of PPH and current birthweight exerted strong effects at both the individual and population levels. Recurrence risk was highest for severe PPH. Occurrence and recurrence were lower in male fetuses, and the paternal influence was weak.publishedVersio

Recurrence of postpartum hemorrhage in relatives: A population-based cohort study

Introduction Studies on the family aggregation of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) are scarce and with inconsistent results, and to what extent current birthweight influences recurrence between relatives remains to be studied. Further, family aggregation of PPH has been studied from an individual, but not from a public heath perspective. We aimed to investigate family aggregation of PPH in Norway, how birthweight influences these effects, and to estimate the proportion of PPH cases attributable to a family history of PPH and current birthweight. Material and methods Using data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Statistics Norway, and Central Population Registry of Norway we identified individuals as newborns, parents, grandparents, and full and half-siblings, and studied 1 002 687 mother–offspring, 841 164 father–offspring, and 761 011 both-parents–offspring pairs. We used multilevel logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI. Results If the birth of the mother but not of the father involved PPH, then the OR of PPH (>500 mL) in the next generation was 1.44 (95% CI 1.39–1.49). If the birth of the father but not of the mother involved PPH, then OR was 1.12 (95% CI 1.08–1.16). These effects were stronger in severe PPH. Recurrence between siblings was highest between full sisters (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.41–1.52), followed by maternal half-sisters, paternal half-sisters, and partners of full brothers. A family history of PPH or birthweight of 4000 g or more accounted for ≤5% and 15% of the total number of PPH cases, respectively. Conclusions A history of PPH in relatives influenced the recurrence risk of PPH in a dose–response pattern consistent with the anticipated proportion of shared genes. The recurrence was highest through the maternal line.publishedVersio

Breast cancer prevention information seeking behavior and interest on cell phone and text use: a cross-sectional study in Malaysia

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second principal cause of cancer deaths among women worldwide, including Malaysia. This study focused on media choice and attempted to determine the communication channels mostly used and preferred by women in seeking information and knowledge about breast cancer. Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was carried out to examine the breast cancer prevention information seeking behavior among 450 students at one private university in Malaysia. Results: The mean age of respondents was 25±4.3 years. Common interpersonal information sources were doctors, friends, and nurses and common channel information sources were television, brochure, and internet. Overall, 89.9% used cell phones, 46.1% had an interest in receiving cell phone breast cancer prevention messages, 73.9% used text messaging, and 36.7% had an interest in receiving text breast cancer prevention messages. Bivariate analysis revealed significant differences among age, education, nationality and use of cell phones. Conclusions: Assessment of health information seeking behavior is important for community health educators to target populations for program development

Development and validation of breast cancer knowledge and beliefs questionnaire for Malaysian student population

This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire on Malaysian students' knowledge and belief toward breast cancer and breast cancer screening. A cross sectional study was conducted among 792 female undergraduate students in selected public universities in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Convergent and discriminant validity tests were used for assessing construct validity of the questionnaire while the internal reliability of the instrument was checked by Cronbach's alpha. The average age of respondents was 22 years (21.77± 1.20). Majority of them were single (96.8%), Malay (91.9%), and Muslim (94.6%). This instrument had a good face and content validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for Health Belief Model Scales ranged between 0.73-0.83, indicating acceptable levels of internal consistency. The Kappa value for the knowledge part ranged between 0.52-0.90, also showing acceptable reliability. The developed instrument indicated good construct validity and reliability for Malaysian female students. This instrument can help health care planners and providers to measure levels of knowledge and beliefs of Malaysian women toward breast cancer before planning appropriate intervention

Experiences during the first four years of a postpartum perineal clinic in the USA

ObjectiveTo assess the characteristics of patients seen at a postpartum perineal clinic in the USA during the first 4 years of its existence, and to identify factors contributing to the clinic’s success.MethodsIn a retrospective study, the charts of patients presenting to the clinic between July 1, 2007, and June 30, 2011, were reviewed for presenting complaint, findings, treatment, number of visits, and referral source. Strategies that led to successful clinic implementation were reviewed.ResultsA total of 247 patients were seen during the 4‐year period. Indications for referral included lacerations, pain, urinary and fecal incontinence, and fistulas. The most common referral indication was a third‐ or fourth‐degree laceration, which affected 154 (62.3%) patients. Overall, 53 (21.5%) patients required a procedure, of whom 20 (8.1%) underwent surgery. Most women were counseled about pelvic floor exercises, and 39 (15.8%) were referred for pelvic floor physical therapy. Nurse‐led triage, patient education, and follow‐up were key to the success of the program.ConclusionThe postpartum perineal clinic is sustainable and offers an opportunity for early assessment and treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction after a complicated vaginal delivery.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135192/1/ijgo68.pd

Science and technology diplomacy and the power of students: the case of Iranian student in Malaysia

The world is witnessing a paradigm shift in international relations. Due to rapid changes in science and technology, “Science and Technology Diplomacy” (scientific diplomacy) has emerged as a new strategy for developing, shaping, and reshaping international relations across the world. In this paper, a scientometric approach is applied to study the trend and progress of “Scientific Diplomacy” in Iran’s relationship with Malaysia during the last few years. The results of the study show that, with 5569 joint publications and as part of the 10,239 authors from both countries, Iranian students in Malaysia have contributed to 10.13% of Iran’s international joint publications between 2012 and 2017. Additionally, Iranian students in Malaysia have contributed to 9.8% of all Malaysian international joint publications during the same period. This is equal to 2.06% and 3.6% of all scientific publications in Iran and Malaysia, respectively. Using Malaysia as a specific case, the study shows a significant relationship between the presence of Iranian students in Malaysia and the growth of scientific and academic collaboration between the two countries. The results of the study have many scientific, political, cultural, and social implications. Considering this study and applying its results to similar cases, “Scientific Diplomacy” seems to work successfully worldwide and plays a key role in future relations among nations. “Scientific Diplomacy” has great potential for furthering the development of relations between nations in very intelligent ways, and may help their states avoid possible disputes and conflicts

Obstetric anal sphincter injury rates among primiparous women with different modes of vaginal delivery

Objective: To determine whether OASI rates are increasing at equal rates among different vaginal birth modes. Methods: Using New South Wales (NSW) linked population data, the overall yearly OASI rates were determined among the 261,008 primiparous vertex singleton term births which occurred from 2001-2011. OASI rates among non-instrumental, forceps and vacuum births with and without episiotomy were also determined. Multivariable logistic regression was used to ascertain the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for each birth category by year. The trends of the aORs over time for each birth category were compared. Results: The overall OASI rate was 4.1% in 2001 and 5.9% in 2011. The highest OASI rates were among forceps births without episiotomy (12.2% in 2001, 14.8% in 2011), and lowest for non-instrumental births without episiotomy (2.6% in 2001, 4.4% in 2011). After adjustment for known risk factors, the only birth categories to show significant increases with OASI over the study period were non-instrumental without episiotomy and forceps with episiotomy (linear trend p<0.01). Conclusion: Overall OASI rates have continued to increase. Known risk factors do not fully explain the increase for non-instrumental births without episiotomy and forceps with episiotomy. Changes in clinical management and/or reporting may be contributing.Australian National Health and Medical Research Council; Australian Research Council; Dr Albert S McKern Research Scholarshi