Depercolation of aggregates upon polymer grafting in simplified industrial nanocomposites studied with dielectric spectroscopy

The dynamics of polymer and filler in simplified industrial silica-styrene-butadiene nanocomposites (silica Zeosil 1165 MP, volume fraction 0-21%v) have been studied with broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The fraction of graftable matrix chains was varied from 0 to 100%D3. The introduction of silica nanoparticles is shown to leave the segmental relaxation unaffected, an observation confirmed by the measurement of only a thin (some Angstroms thick) immobilized layer by NMR. The low-frequency measurements are resolved in two distinct dielectric Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars (MWS) processes of different behavior with respect to changes of large-scale silica structures induced by variations of filler fraction and grafting. It is found that increasing grafting leaves the first MWS-process unaffected, while it decreases the strength of the (slower) second MWS by about a decade. At constant silica volume fraction, this indicates depercolation of the filler, thereby providing a microscopic explanation of the evolution of rheological reinforcement. The sensitivity to large-scale reorganizations together with a characterization of local polymer dynamics provides insight over many length- and time-scales into structure and dynamics of nanocomposites, and thus the physical origin of the reinforcement effect.We are thankful for a “Chercheur d'Avenir” grant by the Languedoc-Roussillon region (J.O.) and Ph.D. funding “CIFRE” by Michelin (G.P.B.). The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Program by means of the grant agreement for the Integrated Infrastructure Initiative N. 262348 European Soft Matter Infrastructure (ESMI).Peer Reviewe

Network dynamics in nanofilled polymers

It is well accepted that adding nanoparticles (NPs) to polymer melts can result in significant property improvements. Here we focus on the causes of mechanical reinforcement and present rheological measurements on favourably interacting mixtures of spherical silica NPs and poly(2-vinylpyridine), complemented by several dynamic and structural probes. While the system dynamics are polymer-like with increased friction for low silica loadings, they turn network-like when the mean face-to-face separation between NPs becomes smaller than the entanglement tube diameter. Gel-like dynamics with a Williams-Landel-Ferry temperature dependence then result. This dependence turns particle dominated, that is, Arrhenius-like, when the silica loading increases to similar to 31 vol%, namely, when the average nearest distance between NP faces becomes comparable to the polymer's Kuhn length. Our results demonstrate that the flow properties of nanocomposites are complex and can be tuned via changes in filler loading, that is, the character of polymer bridges which 'tie' NPs together into a network.We thank Leon Serc (ETH Zurich) for help with FTIR. Enlightening discussions with Ulrich Jonas are gratefully acknowledged. Partial support has been provided by the EU FP7 (ETN Supolen GA-607937, Infrastructure ESMI GA-262348) and the Greek General Secretariat for Research and Technology (Thalis-380238 COVISCO). M.R. acknowledges financial support from the National Science Foundation under grants DMR-1309892, DMR-1436201 and DMR-1121107, the National Institutes of Health under grants P01-HL108808 and 1UH2HL123645 and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. D.Z., S.G., R.H.C. and S.K.K. gratefully acknowledge the National Science Foundation grant DMR-1408323 for financial support

Non-linear Shear and Uniaxial Extensional Rheology of Polyether-Ester-Sulfonate Copolymer Ionomer Melts

International audienc

Simplified industrial nanocomposites : structural analysis and mechanical properties

Cette thèse propose l'étude de matériaux composites industriels simplifiés constitués de caoutchouc non réticulé (copolymère styrène-butadiène « SBR ») renforcés par des charges nanométriques de silice hautement dispersible. Afin d'identifier les mécanismes physico-chimiques responsables de ce renforcement et être capable de l'optimiser, nous devons comprendre les corrélations existantes entre les propriétés macroscopiques du matériau et la structure des charges à différentes échelles.Pour cela, une large campagne d'expériences de diffusion de rayons-X aux petits angles (DXPA) ainsi que de nombreux clichés de microscopie électronique ont été réalisés. En couplant ces données avec des simulations Monte-Carlo, il a été notamment possible de mettre en avant la présence d'une organisation à trois niveaux en partant de billes élémentaires d'une dizaine de nanomètres formant des agrégats eux-mêmes arrangés selon un réseau tridimensionnel branché existant à travers tout l'échantillon.L'analyse du renforcement dans les nanocomposites a été effectuée par rhéométrie et analyse dynamique mécanique. D'autres techniques telles que la spectroscopie diélectrique, la résonance magnétique nucléaire, l'analyse thermogravimétrique ou la spectrométrie infrarouge ont également contribué à une caractérisation complète de ces matériaux, en particulier pour sonder la dynamique des chaînes de SBR à l'interface avec la charge.Afin de déceler les corrélations existantes entre structure et propriétés, nous nous sommes attachés à décrire systématiquement l'influence de paramètres-clés tels que la fraction volumique en silice, le type de polymère employé (greffable sur la silice ou pas) ou leur masse molaire sur la morphologie des charges (taille des agrégats, ...) ainsi que sur le comportement mécanique (module d'élasticité, ...) des composites. Ce travail a permis d'identifier la densité de greffage des chaines comme le paramètre définissant la structure des composites et impactant significativement le renforcement.Cette thèse, résolument tournée vers la compréhension fondamentale, s'inscrit, à terme, dans la recherche d'une loi de comportement décrivant l'effet de la structure des charges sur les performances des pneumatiques. Cette dernière doit permettre de répondre à des problématiques rencontrées en ingénierie telles que la résistance à l'usure, l'adhérence, ou la résistance au roulement.De plus, dans le but d'atteindre des informations supplémentaires quant aux interactions entre le caoutchouc et la silice, nous avons mis au point un protocole expérimental permettant de formuler des échantillons dits « modèles » renforcés avec une silice colloïdale. Cette dernière étant beaucoup mieux définie d'un point de vue géométrique, son analyse structurale est grandement facilitée rendant possible l'étude des potentiels mis en jeu pendant la production des nanocomposites.In this thesis, we study nanocomposite materials made of non vulcanized rubber (styrene-butadien copolymer “SBR”) reinforced by highly dispersible silica nanofillers. In order to identify physico-chemical mechanisms responsible for such a reinforcement and being able to optimize it, we must understand existing correlations between the material macroscopic properties and the multi-scale structure of the filler.For this purpose, a wide campaign of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electronic microscopy experiments have been performed. Coupling this data with Monte-Carlo simulations led to the emergence of a concept describing the silica morphology: A branched tridimensional network built up from aggregates (radius 50 nm) made of nanoparticles (radius 10 nm) spreading accross the whole sample.The analysis of the reinforcement in nanocomposites is based on rheometry and dynamic mechanical analysis. Other techniques like dielectric spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis or infra-red spectrometry contributed as well to fully characterize these materials, particularly to probe the SBR chains dynamic at the interface with the filler.In order to reveal the correlations between structure and properties, we systematically described the impact of key parameters such as filler fraction, polymer grafting or the chain molar mass on the silica morphology (aggregates size, …) as well as on the mechanical behavior (elastic modulous, …) of the composites. This work allowed identifying the polymer grafting density as the parameter defining the filler structure and playing a significant role on the reinforcement.This thesis, firmly focused on fundamental comprehension, contributes to the development of a general law describing the effect of the filler structure on the performance of tires. The latter must provide answers to engineering issues concerning wear resistance, wet grip or rolling resistance.Moreover, in order to obtain additional information regarding the rubber-silica interactions, we developed an experimental process allowing the production of “model” systems reinforced with colloidal silica. The use of such filler, very well defined in terms of size and shape, makes much easier the structural analysis giving the opportunity to investigate deeper the effective potential between the two phases during the composite production

Recent advances on the structure-properties relationship of multiblock copolymers

International audienceMultiblock copolymers represent a fascinating class of materials that sits at the very heart of industrial applications and fundamental polymer science. They are most often made of a linear succession of incompatible "soft" and "hard" segments that microphase separate at room temperature while they can be easily re-homogeneized upon heating. This thermoreversible character provides them with decisive advantages with respect to other rubber-based materials such as vulcanized elastomers, making them indispensable for the development of a more sustainable polymer industry. Beyond practical opportunities, tailoring the multiblock copolymers morphology has a pivotal role to play in the fundamental understanding of the structure-properties relationship of polymer-based systems. It notably serves to comprehend complex materials such as semi-crystalline homopolymers and nanocomposites. Aside from the thorough work developed on well-defined diblock copolymers for half a century, this article review aims to guide the reader into the more intricate world of multiblock copolymers by providing him/her quantitative tools to connect chemical nature, microstructure and mechanical properties

The Reinforcement Effect in Well-Defined Segmented Copolymers: Counting the Topological Constraints at the Mesoscopic Scale

Well-defined linear segmented block copolymers made of a sequence of hard (T4T diamides) and soft (polytetrahydrofuran) units were melt-processed and characterized rheologically by using small-amplitude oscillation shear measurements. Increasing the hard-segment (HS) content within the chains from 0 to 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt %HS was found to strongly enhance their plateau modulus, passing respectively from 1.7 to 3.2, 8.5, 13, and 30 MPa. After a brief review of the main models predicting such reinforcement in both homogeneous melts (rubber elasticity) and biphasic materials (hydrodynamics), we propose an alternative view based on a recent work describing the mesoscale structure of our materials. Starting from basic topological arguments, our approach lies on evaluating the volume occupied by a single chain entanglement in the soft phase (<i>V</i>_e) and using it as a reference for counting the number of “stickers” (i.e., HSs) that an equivalent volume in the hard phase would have contained. In this way, the crystallites are seen as local densifications of the polymer network rather than independent fillersproviding satisfying predictions up to 15 wt %HS. Our model is then extended to the case of a confined soft phase, i.e., made of non-Gaussian strands, with the aim to describe the modulus upturn generally observed in highly crystalline polymers

WLF to Arrhenius dynamic transition in nanocomposites

Resumen del trabajo presentado al 87th Annual Meeting of The Society of Rheology, celebrado en Baltimore (USA) del 11 al 15 de octubre de 2015.-- et al.We investigate the dynamics of nanocompositesconsisting of poly(2 vinyl pyridine), P2VP, matrix and well dispersed nanosilica spheres by means of rheology and dielectric spectroscopy. Master curves are obtained via time-Temperature superposition but, remarkably, the temperature dependence of the frequency shift factors changes from William-Landel-Ferry behavior to an Arrhenius-like as the filler fraction increases (to about 50%wt). Dielectric spectroscopy reveals a significant decrease in the strength of the alfa-process and its broadening at lower frequency (called alfa2) becoming noteworth at high silica content. The significant dynamic change with increased silicia loading implies strong physico-chemical interactions between silica particles and polymer matrix. NMR and FTIR revealed the presence of physical H-bond between silanols at the silica surface and nitrogen atoms of the P2VP chains, which we clain to give rise to the bridging of particles through the polymer chains forming a network. this is consistente with recent results suggesting a transitionfrom soft to glassy bridges in the same nanocomposites system at the same filler fraction. The huge activation energy of about 380 kJ/mol is rationalized by estimating the density of bonds per particle and polyner chain, yielding a "Velcro" picture for the network. The effects of matrix molar mass and nonlinear strain are also addressed.Peer Reviewe

A high-temperature dielectric process as a probe of large-scale silica filler structure in simplified industrial nanocomposites

The existence of two independent filler-dependent high-temperature Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars (MWS) dielectric processes is demonstrated and characterized in detail in silica-filled styrene-butadiene (SB) industrial nanocomposites of simplified composition using Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS). The uncrosslinked samples are made with 140 kg mol-1 SB-chains, half of which carry a single graftable end-function (50% D3), and Zeosil 1165 MP silica incorporated by solid-phase mixing. While one high-temperature process is known to exist in other systems, the dielectric properties of a new silica-related process - strength, relaxation time, and activation energy - have been evidenced and described as a function of silica volume fraction and temperature. In particular, it is shown that its strength follows a percolation behavior as observed with the ionic conductivity and rheology. Moreover, activation energies show the role of polymer layers separating aggregates even when they are percolated. Apart from simultaneous characterization over a broad frequency range up to local polymer and silanol dynamics, it is believed that such high-temperature BDS-measurements can thus be used to detect reorganizations in structurally-complex silica nanocomposites. Moreover, they should contribute to a better identification of dynamical processes via the described sensitivity to structure in such systems.We are thankful for a ‘‘Chercheur d’Avenir’’ grant by the Languedoc-Roussillon region (J.O.) and PhD funding ‘‘CIFRE’’ by Michelin (G.P.B.). The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Program by means of the grant agreement for the Integrated Infrastructure Initiative No. 262348 European Soft Matter Infrastructure (ESMI).Peer Reviewe